In this work, we have carried out ivestigations on photo-electrochemical energy conversion and storage on WO 3 /TiO 2 hybrid materials. The band gap excitation of the hybrid WO 3 /TiO 2 having an amorphous WO 3 phase led to an effective photo-charging to form a tungsten bronze structure by the intercalation of protons while a reversible discharging through de-intercalation could also be observed.The photo-electrochemical conversion and storage of solar (photo) energy using semiconductors have attracted considerable interest over the last decades. Tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ) is especially interesting as a photo-anode and electro-or photo-chromic material [1][2][3][4][5][6]. On the other hand, the bicomponent WO 3 /TiO 2 has been found to exhibit higher photocatalytic reactivity for the decomposition of organic compounds than either TiO 2 or WO 3 itself [7]. Moreover, the WO 3 /TiO 2 system, with its energy storage ability, could also be applied for anticorrosion or bactericidal effects [8][9][10]. The photoinduced charge separation on WO 3 /TiO 2 to produce a hole and an electron initiates the oxidation and slow reduction of the substrates even under dark conditions, respectively. Our aim is to design such photo-functional devices as photo-chargeable batteries using a hybrid WO 3 /TiO 2 that can operate as an effective UV-light driven photo-anode for charge separation as well as charge accumulation. Here, we report on the effects of the crystallinity of WO 3 , i.e., polycrystalline or amorphous, on its photo-charging and discharging abilities using hybrid WO 3 /TiO 2 materials.
ExperimentalA polycrystalline WO 3 (referred to as c-WO 3 ) and an amorphous WO 3 (a-WO 3 ) were prepared by the thermal decomposition of ammonium tungstate at 873 K for 6 h and tungstic acid (H 2 WO 4 ) at 573 K for 1 h, respectively. An a-WO 3 /TiO 2 and c-WO 3 /TiO 2 with 20 wt% WO 3 were prepared by the impregnation of ammonium tungstate into TiO 2 (anatase structure, Kanto Chemicals), and by a physical mixing of c-WO 3 with TiO 2 , respectively. Each sample was spread over a conductive indium tin oxide glass (ITO, 10 W) with triethyleneglycol as the binder, and was then calcinated in air at 773 K for 15 min. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of all the samples were obtained with a RIGAKU RINT2000 using Cu K a radiation (k=1.5417 Å ).The charge-discharge characteristics of these materials were measured by a potentiostat (HA-501, HOKUTO DENKO) used as a potentiometer. A black light (UV-light: 365 nm, 0.50 mW/cm 2 ) was used as the light source for the photo-charging. In the charge-discharge cycle tests, all of the electrodes were discharged at a constant current density of 10 lA/cm 2 between the photo-electrode (working electrode) and Pt wire (counter electrode). The electrolyte was adjusted to 0.5 M (COOH) 2 and 0.1 M LiClO 4 in CH 3 OH solution. The electrolyte was bubbled with N 2 gas for 30 min under vigorous stirring.
Results and discussionThe characteristics of the charge-discharge properties for the photo-electrodes of TiO...