Charge Collection in Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells: Relation to the Nanoscale Elemental Distribution

Stückelberger, Michael; Nietzold, Tara; Hall, Genevieve N.; West, Bradley; Werner, Jérémie; Niesen, Bjoern; Ballif, Christophe; Rose, Volker; Fenning, David P.; Bertoni, Mariana I.

doi:10.1109/jphotov.2016.2633801

Cited by 45 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

Section: Tools To Assess Nanoscale Perovskite Chemistry and Its Optoementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because of the lower X‐ray–matter interaction relative to electron beams, the incident X‐ray has a larger penetration depth as compared laser or e‐beam. A typical end‐of‐trajectory profile for X‐ray irradiation in perovskites is shown in Figure c . XBIC is the integrated current collected from the cylindrical excitation volume that extends through the entire film thickness.…”

Section: Tools To Assess Nanoscale Perovskite Chemistry and Its Optoementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Relationship between Chemical Flexibility and Nanoscale Charge Collection in Hybrid Halide Perovskites

Luo

Aharon

Stückelberger

et al. 2018

Adv Funct Materials

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Hybrid organometal halide perovskites are known for their excellent optoelectronic functionality as well as their wide-ranging chemical flexibility. The composition of hybrid perovskite devices has trended toward increasing complexity as fine-tuned properties are pursued, including multielement mixing on the constituents A and B and halide sites. However, this tunability presents potential challenges for charge extraction in functional devices. Poor consistency and repeatability between devices may arise due to variations in composition and microstructure. Within a single device, spatial heterogeneity in composition and phase segregation may limit the device from achieving its performance potential. This review details how the nanoscale elemental distribution and charge collection in hybrid perovskite materials evolve as chemical complexity increases, highlighting recent results using nondestructive operando synchrotron-based X-ray nanoprobe techniques. The results reveal a strong link between local chemistry and charge collection that must be controlled to develop robust, high-performance hybrid perovskite materials for optoelectronic devices.applications including solar cells, [1,2] lightemitting diodes, [3] lasers, [4] and photodetectors. [5] The exceptional minority carrier diffusion lengths in these materials [6,7] lead to nearly 100% internal quantum efficiency [8] which results in high charge-carrier collection efficiency and high external luminescence efficiency in electron-photon conversion devices. [9] Particularly in the field of photovoltaics (PV), their extraordinary material properties [10][11][12] have enabled perovskite solar absorbers to achieve large improvements in device performance in the past 8 years. The perovskite crystal structure is shown in Figure 1a, where the A-site is CH 3 NH 3 + (MA, methylammonium), the B-site is Pb 2+ , and the X-site is I − following the general perovskite formula ABX 3. After demonstration of a device with 3.8% power conversion efficiency (PCE) by Miyasaka and co-workers in a dye-sensitized solar cell architecture using CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , [13] a breakthrough in perovskite photovoltaics occurred in 2012 when the first allsolid-state hybrid perovskite devices were shown by Kim et al., [14] improving the chemical stability of the perovskite and enabling device performance to exceed beyond 9% using CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 perovskites. With intense investigation of perovskite material properties from research groups all over the world, including bandgap engineering by halide mixing [15,16] and device optimization using A-site mixing, [9,17] the record PCE of hybrid perovskite solar cells reached 22.7% in 2017 after achieving 22.1% PCE in 2015 [18] using a mixture of formamidinium lead iodide (CH(NH 2 ) 2 PbI 3 ) with 5% loading of methylammonium lead bromide (CH 3 NH 3 PbBr 3 ) chemistry. [19,20] Surpassing 22% PCE by leveraging the chemical flexibility of the perovskite structure brought hybrid perovskite solar cells on par in efficiency with most polycrystalline solar absor...

show abstract

Section: Tools To Assess Nanoscale Perovskite Chemistry and Its Optoementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tools To Assess Nanoscale Perovskite Chemistry and Its Optoementioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Chemical Flexibility and Nanoscale Charge Collection in Hybrid Halide Perovskites

Luo

Aharon

Stückelberger

et al. 2018

Adv Funct Materials

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Both of these techniques measure current, and in the case of XBIC, this is proportional to the number of absorbed X-ray photons. [107] Synchrotron-based XBIC has been used for the characterization of solar cells in parallel of implementing XRF to correlate chemical composition with electrical performance, thereby probing recombination dynamics, or changes in photocurrent due to the presence of certain elements. In this case, the device of interest acts as the detector by generating a current as an effect of X-ray-excited electron-hole pairs.…”

Section: X-ray Beam Induced Currentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Measurements were realized using the APS, at ANL, with an X-ray beam of 9 keV photon energy, focused to a spot size of 40 nm FWHM with a photon flux of 8 × 10 8 photons s −1 . [106] According to Stuckelberger et al [107] the regions of high and low I are considered as regions of maximum or minimum perovskite layer thickness, and thus higher XBIC signal. For this reason, a new method was proposed where two scans were done for each region; the first one fast and attenuating the photon flux with an aluminum filter to 35%.…”

Section: Halide Heterogeneity and Stoichiometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…XBIC current measures were taken at the same time as XRF scans; degradation in the XBIC data was observed because of the X-ray beam intensity. [86,107] The interpretation of the XBIC signal is highly susceptible to the corrections applied and the assumptions taken, such as neglecting the interaction among topological variations and measurement geometry, and minimal surface roughness. To counterbalance this change, a correction factor was determined and applied, from a fit of the time-dependent XBIC signal with a double exponential function.…”

Section: Halide Heterogeneity and Stoichiometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Imaging and Mapping Characterization Tools for Perovskite Solar Cells

Hidalgo

Castro‐Méndez

Correa‐Baena

2019

Advanced Energy Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

define the perovskite structure, decreases below 0.8 and orthorhombic, rhombohedral, or tetragonal structures tend to form. For large A-cations, layered 2D [3] and 1D [4] chain structures can be formed, e.g., Ruddlesden-Popper, Aurivillius, and Dion-Jacobson phases. Both 3D and 2D perovskites have gained the attention of the solar cell community.Lead halide perovskites are outstanding semiconductors with impressive optoelectronic properties, such as high absorption coefficient, tunable band gap, and long charge carrier lifetimes. Despite having such impressive properties, there is still a need for deeper understanding of the degradation mechanisms of the perovskite materials in order to make PSCs viable for outdoor applications and commercialization. [5,6] Currently, a major challenge facing perovskites is their long-term stability, due to their sensitivity to temperature, moisture, oxygen, and ultraviolet (UV) light. [6] Furthermore, chemical and electronic stability, compositional, and crystal homogeneity in the absorber layer of PSCs are parameters that allow us to understand and ensure the maximum PCE and long-term durability of the devices.Imaging and mapping characterization techniques allow researchers to obtain insights of the nano-and microscale features related to their chemical and electronic properties, which in turn limit PSC performance and long-term durability. This review will focus on the progress of the imaging and mapping techniques that have been used understanding and designing perovskite materials. This comprehensive review will span from basic morphology characterization methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to advanced, synchrotron-based characterization using X-ray microscopy, such as X-ray fluorescence for compositional mapping, and X-ray beam induced current (XBIC) for electric performance mapping. Different imaging and mapping tools allow for correlations of different physical, chemical, optical and electrical features in space and time. These characterization techniques have helped explain phenomena that govern perovskite materials, including chemical and electrical properties and how they relate to solar cell performance. The following table summarizes the different imaging and mapping characterization techniques and their use for PSCs research.Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted much attention as efficiencies have gone beyond 24%. To achieve these impressive numbers, the PSC scientific community is working to improve the perovskite optoelectronic properties. Imaging and mapping characterization techniques have been widely used to understand the fundamental properties that allow lead halide perovskites to achieve high performance. In this review, these techniques are evaluated, from simple tools, such as electron microscopy, to more complex systems that include atomic force microscopy, synchrotron-based X-ray mapping, and ultrafast and photoluminescence mapping. These tools have helped understand lead halide perovskites and their impressive optoelectronic prope...

show abstract

Unveiling the Interaction Mechanisms of Electron and X‐ray Radiation with Halide Perovskite Semiconductors using Scanning Nanoprobe Diffraction

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The interaction of high‐energy electrons and X‐ray photons with beam‐sensitive semiconductors such as halide perovskites is essential for the characterization and understanding of these optoelectronic materials. Using nanoprobe diffraction techniques, which can investigate physical properties on the nanoscale, studies of the interaction of electron and X‐ray radiation with state‐of‐the‐art (FA0.79MA0.16Cs0.05)Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 hybrid halide perovskite films (FA, formamidinium; MA, methylammonium) are performed, tracking the changes in the local crystal structure as a function of fluence using scanning electron diffraction and synchrotron nano X‐ray diffraction techniques. Perovskite grains are identified, from which additional reflections, corresponding to PbBr2, appear as a crystalline degradation phase after fluences of 200 e− Å−2. These changes are concomitant with the formation of small PbI2 crystallites at the adjacent high‐angle grain boundaries, with the formation of pinholes, and with a phase transition from tetragonal to cubic. A similar degradation pathway is caused by photon irradiation in nano‐X‐ray diffraction, suggesting common underlying mechanisms. This approach explores the radiation limits of these materials and provides a description of the degradation pathways on the nanoscale. Addressing high‐angle grain boundaries will be critical for the further improvement of halide polycrystalline film stability, especially for applications vulnerable to high‐energy radiation such as space photovoltaics.

show abstract

Charge Collection in Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells: Relation to the Nanoscale Elemental Distribution

Cited by 45 publications

References 28 publications

The Relationship between Chemical Flexibility and Nanoscale Charge Collection in Hybrid Halide Perovskites

The Relationship between Chemical Flexibility and Nanoscale Charge Collection in Hybrid Halide Perovskites

Imaging and Mapping Characterization Tools for Perovskite Solar Cells

Unveiling the Interaction Mechanisms of Electron and X‐ray Radiation with Halide Perovskite Semiconductors using Scanning Nanoprobe Diffraction

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About