“…Theories on achievement motivation and achievement emotions suggest that students' affective and behavioral responses in achievement situations are influenced by their beliefs, expectations, interests, and goals (e.g., Bandura, 1993;Dweck & Leggett, 1988;Pekrun, 2006). Research on the role of temperament in this process has grown in the past decade (e.g., Chang & Burns, 2005;Elliot & Pekrun, 2007;Elliot & Thrash, 2002;Rothbart & Hwang, 2005), but especially among children in the beginning of their school career, the number of studies on the relationship between students' temperament and their achievement-related TEMPERAMENT, AFFECTS, AND BEHAVIORS 7 affects and behaviors is limited (for exceptions, see Chang & Burns, 2005;Harris, Robinson, Chang, & Burns, 2007;Liew et al, 2008).…”