Characterizing highly fibrillated nanocellulose by modifying the gel point methodology

Sánchez-Salvador, Jose Luis; Monte, M. Concepción; Batchelor, Warren; Garnier, Gil; Negro, Carlos; Blanco, Ángeles

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115340

Cited by 33 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In the last few years, Ø g has been used to estimate the aspect ratio (AR) of different cellulose materials such as cellulose fibers, fines, microfibers (CMFs) and nanofibers (CNFs) (Martinez et al 2001;Sanchez-Salvador et al 2020a;Varanasi et al 2013) using two methods: the Effective Medium Theory (EMT) and the Crowding Number (CN) theory (Celzard et al 2009;Kerekes and Schell 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Performing the Ø g methodology requires at least 5 sedimentation experiments, each with a different initial fiber concentration (C o ), which is time consuming and a drawback, especially in industry. Another difficulty is that sedimentation time increases from 2 to 10 days with the fibrillation degree of the fiber sample (Sanchez-Salvador et al 2020a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simplification of gel point characterization of cellulose nano and microfiber suspensions

et al. 2021

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Nanocellulose is an emerging material that needs to be well characterized to control its performance during industrial applications. Gel point (Øg) is a convenient parameter commonly used to estimate the aspect ratio (AR) of cellulose nano/microfibers (CNFs/CMFs), providing critical information on the nanofiber network. However, its estimation requires many sedimentation experiments, tedious and time consuming. In this study, a simpler and faster technique is presented to estimate Øg, based on one or two sedimentation experiments, reducing the experiments by a factor of at least 2.5. Here, this new methodology is successfully validated by using the Øg of different CNF/CMF hydrogels calculated with the traditional methodology, showing an error lower than 7%. The error in the estimation of the AR is lower than 3% in all cases. Furthermore, the two mathematical models currently used to estimate Øg, the smoothing spline and the quadratic fit, are compared and the mathematical assumptions improved. Graphical abstract

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simplification of gel point characterization of cellulose nano and microfiber suspensions

et al. 2021

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“…On the other hand, it has been proved that a high nanofibrillation degree of CNFs, determined with the traditionally used gravimetric methodology, is not a guarantee of a highly efficient application of CNFs (Balea et al 2016b). Hence, surface area and fiber dispersion have been demonstrated to be the most relevant parameters for many applications (Sanchez-Salvador et al 2020). There is, therefore, a need to develop a method for the determination of nanofibrillation yield, which corresponds to a real interpretation of the surface area of the CNFs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A reproducible method to characterize the bulk morphology of cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibers by transmission electron microscopy

et al. 2020

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“…Gel point analyses have been recently developed for NFC to estimate their aspect ratio (Sanchez-Salvador et al 2020). New attempts to use it to analyze the nanofiber network structure and their aggregation-dispersion degree are being carried out.…”

Section: Size Distribution and Aggregation-dispersion Statementioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocellulose characterization challenges

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et al. 2021

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Despite the extraordinary properties of nanocellulose (NC), as confirmed through two decades of exhaustive research, addressing an array of potential applications, the NC market is still far from reaching its full potential. Among the main causes is the lack of process-adapted measuring tools capable of characterizing NC, at acceptable speed and reliability, to meet the industrial demands in a cost-effective way. Therefore, reliable characterization methodologies of NC and new standards are of paramount importance in ensuring reproducible research results and quality control specifications for present and future NC products and applications. Furthermore, the successful industrial use of NC products depends on critical parameters that are still being identified and studied. This review paper aims to identify some of the current drawbacks and limitations in NC characterization that hinder their commercial deployment. Moreover, important challenges related to characterization and new opportunities for future research in this field are addressed.

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Characterizing highly fibrillated nanocellulose by modifying the gel point methodology

Cited by 33 publications

References 45 publications

Simplification of gel point characterization of cellulose nano and microfiber suspensions

Simplification of gel point characterization of cellulose nano and microfiber suspensions

A reproducible method to characterize the bulk morphology of cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibers by transmission electron microscopy

Nanocellulose characterization challenges

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