Characterizations of furfuryl alcohol oligomer/polymerization catalyzed by homogeneous and heterogeneous acid catalysts

Abstract

The liquid-phase oligomer/polymerization of furfuryl alcohol (FA) catalyzed by homogeneous and heterogeneous acid catalysts was investigated by Infrared (IR) spectroscopy. At room temperature and 100 o C, FA was not decomposed with metal oxide catalysts except for tungsten oxide, whereas amberlyst and sulfuric acid converted a furfuryl alcohol monomer into oligomer/polymer even at a room temperature. During FA oligomer/polymerization reaction, a strong C=O band observed in the IR spectra provided a diketone structure, which was not observed in the Raman spectroscopy. Based on the FA monomer color changings and IR spectra, tungsten oxide can be possibly applied as a heterogeneous catalyst for controlling the product distribution and avoiding a product separation issue from catalyst.

Opening Furan for Tailoring Properties of Bio‐based Poly(Furfuryl Alcohol) Thermoset

“…Between 1650 and 1800 cm À1 ,al arge band with shoulders appearsi nt he three spectra.T hisb and can be assigned to vibrationo fc arbonyl functions also observed in previous studies [9,33,37] as the resultso fr ing-opening reactions. The most important carbonyl band peakinga t1 715 cm À1 can be assigned to diketonic structure, [29] such as C2 (Scheme1).…”

“…Concerning the PFA/solv.f ree, structures resulting from ring openings revealed by the structurala nalyzes (and already mentioned in the literature [9,26,29,37] )w ould be resulting from the H 2 Op athway (i.e. :L A, B2_b, and C2).…”

Biomass‐Derived Poly(Furfuryl Alcohol)–Protected Aluminum Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

“…Apart from the common strong stretching peaks at around 598–1504 cm −1 for FAs (the detailed FTIR spectrum for FA can be found in the studies by Kim et al and Guigo et al), three major distinct peaks for FA polymerization at 3321, 1712, and 1560 cm −1 were identified. Flattening of the hydroxyl stretching broad band in the range of 3200–3600 cm −1 , which corresponds to the in‐plane —OH at the C5 position of the furan ring, indicates that FA monomers had polymerized and released the —OH group . The second indication is the appearance of the ≈1560 cm −1 stretching peak that comes from the 2,5 linkage of furan units .…”

“…Furfuryl alcohol (C 5 H 6 O 2 , furan‐methylene‐hydroxyl, FA) had drawn our attention as follows. It is an important derivative of furan, which is considered a green, sustainable, environmentally friendly, and abundant chemical as it can be easily isolated from almost unlimited biomass, such as corncobs, oat, and wheat bran . FA is water‐soluble and can be easily polymerized either by heat alone or with the help of various acid or base catalysts, such as oxalic acid (OX) or γ‐alumina, which can enable a greener anode fabrication process .…”

Water-promoted selective heterogeneous catalytic trimerization of xylose-derived 2-methylfuran to diesel precursors

“…It is an environmentally friendly catalyst because of its high activity, non-toxicity, non-corrosiveness, and recyclability compared to sulfuric acid. Amberlyst-15 has also been demonstrated to be an effective catalyst for acetylation and aldol and cross-aldol condensation [7,8]. In aqueous media, Amberlyst-15 offers a simple and clean method for chemical synthesis with high selectivity and excellent yields [9,10].…”