Characterization, Processing, and Application of Heavy Fuel Oil Ash, an Industrial Waste Material – A Review

Abstract

Heavy fuel oil ash (HFOA) is generated as an industrial waste material during the combustion of heavy fuel oil in power/desalination plants. With increasing energy demands, a significant volume of HFOA is generated. It is generally disposed of in landfills, causing environmental pollution, as it contains several toxic elements. Recently, efforts were made towards developing strategies for reusing industrial waste materials and creating value-added products from the waste materials. Despite significant information available in the literature on the utilization of HFOA, there is still a need for a thorough and systematic review on the characterization and utilization of HFOA in various applications. Consequently, this paper aims to present a critical review of the literature on HFOA generation, its chemical composition, physical properties, morphology, and applications. It is encouraging to note that HFOA has been used in several potential applications, such as the preparation of activated carbon and carbon nanotubes, metal recovery, environmental pollutant removal, polymer composites and construction materials, etc. However, the development of several value-added materials utilizing HFOA and its applications in other areas such as coatings, cathodic protection systems, and phase change materialswould emerge as a new topic of research. It is expected that this review will act as a precursor for further research on the use of HFOA in industrial applications. Since the use of HFOA will lead to environmental, economic, and technical benefits, research in the utilization of this industrial waste material is highly recommended.

A Review on Heavy Metal Ions and Containing Dyes Removal Through Graphene Oxide‐Based Adsorption Strategies for Textile Wastewater Treatment

“…Among the diverse treatment methods, adsorption demonstrates the outstanding performance in removing heavy metal; the adsorption method is economical and productive on solid phrase adsorbents for the heavy metal ions removal [131] . Several low‐cost adsorbents are available such as clays, [132] bagasse fly ash, [133] coal fly ash, silica gel, agricultural waste products, Jute, [134,135] sawdust, [136] industrial waste, [137] neem leaf, [138] red mud, [139] activated carbon, [140] zeolites [141] and carbon nanotubes [142] have been used for the adsorption of heavy metals and dyes from aqueous solutions. The above‐mentioned low‐cost adsorbents achieved great attention in heavy metal removal.…”

Construction Building Materials as a Potential for Structural Supercapacitor Applications

“…As the carbon-based materials are generally expensive and are not available on a large scale, cost-effective carbon-based materials produced utilizing waste materials, such as biomass [68] leaves, [69] jute sticks, [49,70] heavy fuel oil ash, [71,72] rice husk, [73] date leaf, [74] etc., can be used for producing conductive cement/concrete economically. The conductivity/resistivity of the cement paste, modified with various filler materials, is summarized in Table 2.…”

Fly Ash Carbon Anodes for Alkali Metal-Ion Batteries

“…Fly ash carbon (FAC), a residue of crude oil combustion, is produced in thousands of tons each year. 1 The utilization of FAC is important for economic and sustainable development.…”

“…In fact, the electric power of many countries is mainly supplied by crude oil combustion. Fly ash carbon (FAC), a residue of crude oil combustion, is produced in thousands of tons each year . The utilization of FAC is important for economic and sustainable development.…”