A Review on Heavy Metal Ions and Containing Dyes Removal Through Graphene Oxide‐Based Adsorption Strategies for Textile Wastewater Treatment

Abstract

Textile wastewater heavy metal pollution has become a severe environmental problem worldwide. Metal ion inclusion in a dye molecule exhibits a bathochromic shift producing deeper but duller shades, which provides excellent colouration. The ejection of a massive volume of wastewater containing heavy metal ions such as Cr (VI), Pb (II), Cd (II) and Zn (II) and metal‐containing dyes are an unavoidable consequence because the textile industry consumes large quantities of water and all these chemicals cannot be combined entirely with fibres during the dyeing process. These high concentrations of chemicals in effluents interfere with the natural water resources, cause severe toxicological implications on the environment with a dramatic impact on human health. This article reviewed the various metal‐containing dye types and their heavy metal ions pollution from entryway to the wastewater, which then briefly explored the effects on human health and the environment. Graphene‐based absorbers, specially graphene oxide (GO) benefits from an ordered structured, high specific surface area, and flexible surface functionalization options, which are indispensable to realize a high performance of heavy metal ion removal. These exceptional adsorption properties of graphene‐based materials support a position of ubiquity in our everyday lives. The collective representation of the textile wastewater‘s effective remediation methods is discussed and focused on the GO‐based adsorption methods. Understanding the critical impact regarding the GO‐based materials established adsorption portfolio for heavy metal ions removal are also discussed. Various heavy‐metal ions and their pollutant effect, ways to remove such heavy metal ions and role of graphene‐based adsorbent including their demand, perspective, limitation, and relative scopes are discussed elaborately in the review.

Adsorptive Removal of Drimarene Brilliant Blue by Thermo Stable, Eco-friendly Graphene Oxide Reinforced Polyvinyl Alcohols Hydrogels With High Reusability Potential

“…Further increased the amount of GONPs from 0.9% to 1.1% GO/PVA resulted in removal efficiency decreased because the active sites for adsorption were not present by the saturation of GONPs in PVA polymers. Zamani et al [2] also reported the similar results in their literature.…”

“…Watqer contaminants have been considered as one of the world's major health threats. Many toxic pollutants and chemical compounds such as; oil pollutants from petrochemical industries, heavy metals from metallurgical industries and dyes from textile industries, enter into the aquatic systems [1,2]. Among various pollutants, a considerable amount of dyes is discharged every day into clean water bodies from textile industries during manufacturing and processing operations [3].…”

Characterization of the Physical, Chemical, and Adsorption Properties of Coal-Fly-Ash–Hydroxyapatite Composites

“…Currently, 98,000 different dyes are available [1], which are divided into water-insoluble and water-soluble dyes. Water-soluble dyes include a large group of cationic basic dyes and anionic acid, direct, and reactive dyes [2]. Due to their good solubility, dyes end up in sewage and, ultimately, in natural sources of water in the environment.…”

“…However, mixtures of dyes often exhibit increased toxicity to aquatic organisms [5]. The high toxicity of dyes to humans, plants, and soil-based and aquatic organisms is caused by the high heavy-metal content in dyes [2,6]. These heavy metals pose a serious environmental problem.…”

“…Due to the frequent coexistence of dyes and heavy metals in industrial wastewater, adsorbents that enable the removal of both types of pollutants are being sought. A review of the literature shows that these are very diverse materials, including chelating resins [21], low-cost waste-plant materials [22][23][24], nano-activated carbon [16], graphene oxide [2], nanocellulose/functionalized nanocellulose [25], clays and diatomaceous earth [26], fly ash [27], and zeolites [28]. Another group of highly effective dye-removing and heavymetal-removing [29][30][31] adsorbents [32][33][34] includes hydroxyapatites of natural and synthetic origin.…”