Characterization of trace gases in 1980 volcanic plumes of Mt. St. Helens

Cronn, Dagmar R.; Nutmagul, Winai

doi:10.1029/jc087ic13p11153

Cited by 15 publications

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“…Rejection ratios (ratio of the concentration of interferant to SO 2 required to produce an equivalent instrument signal) for CS 2 and NO were determined in laboratory experiments to 20 (Luke, 1997) and 35 (Roiger, 2007), respectively. Interferences from CS 2 and NO are considered to be negligible for the present measurements in view of observed CS 2 /SO 2 and NO/SO 2 concentration ratios of about 0.01 (Cronn and Nutmagul, 1982) and 0.001 (Rose et al, 2006) in volcanic plumes. The detection limit of the SO 2 monitor is 0.2 nmol mol −1 .…”

Section: Trace Gas Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Airborne observations of the Eyjafjalla volcano ash cloud over Europe during air space closure in April and May 2010

et al. 2011

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Abstract. Airborne lidar and in-situ measurements of aerosols and trace gases were performed in volcanic ash plumes over Europe between Southern Germany and Iceland with the Falcon aircraft during the eruption period of the Eyjafjalla 1 volcano between 19 April and 18 May 2010. Flight planning and measurement analyses were supported by a refined Meteosat ash product and trajectory model analysis. The volcanic ash plume was observed with lidar directly over the volcano and up to a distance of 2700 km downwind, and up to 120 h plume ages. Aged ash layers were between a few 100 m to 3 km deep, occurred between 1 and 7 km altitude, and were typically 100 to 300 km wide. Particles collected by impactors had diameters up to 20 µm diameter, with size and age dependent composition. Ash mass concentrations were derived from optical particle spectrometers for aCorrespondence to: U. Schumann (ulrich.schumann@dlr.de) 1 Also known as Eyjafjallajökull or Eyjafjöll volcano, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1683937/ Eyjafjallajokull-volcano particle density of 2.6 g cm −3 and various values of the refractive index (RI, real part: 1.59; 3 values for the imaginary part: 0, 0.004 and 0.008). The mass concentrations, effective diameters and related optical properties were compared with ground-based lidar observations. Theoretical considerations of particle sedimentation constrain the particle diameters to those obtained for the lower RI values. The ash mass concentration results have an uncertainty of a factor of two. The maximum ash mass concentration encountered during the 17 flights with 34 ash plume penetrations was below 1 mg m −3 . The Falcon flew in ash clouds up to about 0.8 mg m −3 for a few minutes and in an ash cloud with approximately 0.2 mg m −3 mean-concentration for about one hour without engine damage. The ash plumes were rather dry and correlated with considerable CO and SO 2 increases and O 3 decreases. To first order, ash concentration and SO 2 mixing ratio in the plumes decreased by a factor of two within less than a day. In fresh plumes, the SO 2 and CO concentration increases were correlated with the ash mass concentration. The ash plumes were often visible slantwise as faint dark layers, even for concentrations below 0.1 mg m −3 .Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. U. Schumann et al.: Airborne observations of the Eyjafjalla volcano ash cloud over EuropeThe large abundance of volatile Aitken mode particles suggests previous nucleation of sulfuric acid droplets. The effective diameters range between 0.2 and 3 µm with considerable surface and volume contributions from the Aitken and coarse mode aerosol, respectively. The distal ash mass flux on 2 May was of the order of 500 (240-1600) kg s −1 . The volcano induced about 10 (2.5-50) Tg of distal ash mass and about 3 (0.6-23) Tg of SO 2 during the whole eruption period. The results of the Falcon flights were used to support the responsible agencies in their decisions concerning air traffic in the presence of v...

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Section: Trace Gas Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…The concentrations and fluxes of trace gases were measured in the Mt. St. Helens plume in 1980 (Bandy et al, 1982;Cronn and Nutmagul, 1982). The SO 2 concentration reached 440 nmol mol −1 , CO was in the order of 200 nmol mol −1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne observations of the Eyjafjalla volcano ash cloud over Europe during air space closure in April and May 2010

et al. 2011

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“…Therefore, hydrocarbons are removed from the sample air in the instrument by diffusion through a semi‐permeable membrane (hydrocarbon kicker). Interferences from CS 2 and NO are negligible considering rejection ratios (ratio of the concentration of interferant to SO 2 required to produce an equivalent instrument signal) for CS 2 and NO of 20 [ Luke , 1997] and 35 [ Roiger , 2007], respectively, and observed CS 2 /SO 2 and NO/SO 2 concentration ratios of about 0.01 [ Cronn and Nutmagul , 1982] and 0.001 [ Rose et al , 2006] in volcanic plumes. The precision and accuracy of the individual SO2 measurements are 3% and 5%, respectively.…”

Section: Comparison Of Gome‐2 Data With Dlr Falcon Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanic SO₂, BrO and plume height estimations using GOME‐2 satellite measurements during the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in May 2010

et al. 2012

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[1] The eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano, Iceland, in April and May 2010 caused unprecedented disruptions of European air traffic showing that timely monitoring of volcanic ash and SO 2 dispersion as well as the corresponding plume heights are important for aviation safety. This paper describes the observations of SO 2 and BrO columns in the eruption plume and the determination of the SO 2 plume height using the GOME-2 satellite instrument. During the eruptive period in May 2010, SO 2 total columns of up to $20 DU and BrO columns of $7.7 Â 10 13 molec/cm 2 were detected. The BrO/SO 2 ratio estimated from the GOME-2 observations of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption varies from 1.1 Â 10 À4 to 2.1 Â 10 À4. The SO 2 plume heights estimated from the GOME-2 observations on 5 May range from 8-13 km and mostly agree within 1-3 km with visual observations, radar data and modeling results. Furthermore, the GOME-2 SO 2 observations are compared with in situ measurements of the DLR Falcon aircraft on 17 and 18 May 2010 and with Brewer instruments at Valentia, Ireland and Hohenpeissenberg, Germany. The SO 2 columns derived from the Falcon profile measurements range from 0.6-4.7 DU and the comparison with the GOME-2 measurements shows a good agreement, mainly within 1 DU. The Brewer observations at Hohenpeissenberg also agree well with the GOME-2 measurements with a daily average SO 2 column of $1.3 DU during the overpass of the SO 2 cloud on 18 May, whereas the Brewer instrument at Valentia shows up to 50% higher SO 2 columns ($8 DU) on 11 May.Citation: Rix, M., P. Valks, N. Hao, D. Loyola, H. Schlager, H. Huntrieser, J. Flemming, U. Koehler, U. Schumann, and A. Inness (2012), Volcanic SO 2 , BrO and plume height estimations using GOME-2 satellite measurements during the eruption of

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“…Among VOCs, the origin and behavior of halogenated species in volcanic environment is of great interest due to their strong environmental impact and health effects related to i) the key role they play as primary agents of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone depletion [ Cicerone et al , 1974; Molina and Rowland , 1974; Farman et al , 1985; Rowland and Molina , 1994; Brune , 1996] and ii) their contribution to global warming [ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , 2001; Harnisch and Hoehne , 2002; Harnisch et al , 2002]. The occurrence of halocarbons in volcanic plumes [ Cadle et al , 1979; Inn et al , 1981; Leifer et al , 1981; Cronn and Nutmagul , 1982a, 1982b; Brasseur and Granier , 1992] and gas emissions related to magmatic‐hydrothermal reservoirs [ Stoiber et al , 1971; Isidorov and Zenkevich , 1985; Isidorov et al , 1990, 1992; Gaffney , 1995; Wahrenberger et al , 1998, 2002; Jordan et al , 2000; Jordan , 2003; Schwandner et al , 2004; Frische et al , 2006] have been extensively studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geogenic and atmospheric sources for volatile organic compounds in fumarolic emissions from Mt. Etna and Vulcano Island (Sicily, Italy)

et al. 2012

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In this paper, fluid source(s) and processes controlling the chemical composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in gas discharges from Mt. Etna and Vulcano Island (Sicily, Italy) were investigated. The main composition of the Etnean and Volcano gas emissions is produced by mixing, to various degrees, of magmatic and hydrothermal components. VOCs are dominated by alkanes, alkenes and aromatics, with minor, though significant, concentrations of O‐, S‐ and Cl(F)‐substituted compounds. The main mechanism for the production of alkanes is likely related to pyrolysis of organic‐matter‐bearing sediments that interact with the ascending magmatic fluids. Alkanes are then converted to alkene and aromatic compounds via catalytic reactions (dehydrogenation and dehydroaromatization, respectively). Nevertheless, an abiogenic origin for the light hydrocarbons cannot be ruled out. Oxidative processes of hydrocarbons at relatively high temperatures and oxidizing conditions, typical of these volcanic‐hydrothermal fluids, may explain the production of alcohols, esters, aldehydes, as well as O‐ and S‐bearing heterocycles. By comparing the concentrations of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in the fumarolic discharges with respect to those of background air, it is possible to highlight that they have a geogenic origin likely due to halogenation of both methane and alkenes. Finally, chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) abundances appear to be consistent with background air, although the strong air contamination that affects the Mt. Etna fumaroles may mask a possible geogenic contribution for these compounds. On the other hand, no CFCs were detected in the Vulcano gases, which are characterized by low air contribution. Nevertheless, a geogenic source for these compounds cannot be excluded on the basis of the present data.

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Characterization of trace gases in 1980 volcanic plumes of Mt. St. Helens

Cited by 15 publications

References 50 publications

Airborne observations of the Eyjafjalla volcano ash cloud over Europe during air space closure in April and May 2010

Airborne observations of the Eyjafjalla volcano ash cloud over Europe during air space closure in April and May 2010

Volcanic SO₂, BrO and plume height estimations using GOME‐2 satellite measurements during the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in May 2010

Geogenic and atmospheric sources for volatile organic compounds in fumarolic emissions from Mt. Etna and Vulcano Island (Sicily, Italy)

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Characterization of trace gases in 1980 volcanic plumes of Mt. St. Helens

Cited by 15 publications

References 50 publications

Airborne observations of the Eyjafjalla volcano ash cloud over Europe during air space closure in April and May 2010

Airborne observations of the Eyjafjalla volcano ash cloud over Europe during air space closure in April and May 2010

Volcanic SO2, BrO and plume height estimations using GOME‐2 satellite measurements during the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in May 2010

Geogenic and atmospheric sources for volatile organic compounds in fumarolic emissions from Mt. Etna and Vulcano Island (Sicily, Italy)

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Volcanic SO₂, BrO and plume height estimations using GOME‐2 satellite measurements during the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in May 2010