Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is the endogenous peptide for the NOP receptors. Depending on the doses, intrathecal administration of N/OFQ has dual actions (ie, hyperalgesia and antinociception) in rodents. However, the pharmacological profile of intrathecal N/OFQ is not fully known in primates. The aim of this study was to investigate behavioral effects of intrathecal N/OFQ over a wide dose range and to compare its effects with ligands known to produce hyperalgesia or antinociception in monkeys. Intrathecal N/OFQ from 1 fmol to 1 nmol did not produce any hyperalgesic or scratching responses. In contrast, intrathecal substance P 100 nmol produced hyperalgesia, and intrathecal DAMGO 10 nmol produced antinociception. At the dose range between 10 nmol and 1 µmol, intrathecal N/OFQ dose-dependently produced thermal antinociception against a noxious stimulus in 2 intensities. More importantly, N/OFQ in combined with intrathecal morphine dose-dependently potentiated morphine-induced antinociception without inhibiting morphineinduced itch/scratching. Taken together, this study is the first to provide a unique functional profile of intrathecal N/OFQ over a wide dose range in primates. Intrathecal N/OFQ produces thermal antinociception without anti-morphine actions or scratching responses, indicating that N/OFQ or NOP receptor agonists represent a promising target as spinal analgesics.Perspective: Intrathecal administration of N/OFQ only produced thermal antinociception, not hyperalgesia, in monkeys. In addition, intrathecal N/OFQ does not have anti-morphine actions or itch/scratching responses. This study strongly supports the therapeutic potential of N/OFQ or NOP receptor agonists as spinal analgesics for clinical trials.
KeywordsSpinal cord; analgesia; NOP receptors; substance P; thermal hyperalgesia Spinal administration of µ-opioid receptor agonists is an important method for pain management, and it is widely used for obstetric analgesia. 8,10 However, itch/pruritus is the most common side effect derived from spinal opioids, and it reduces the value of pain relief afforded by spinal opioids. 8 Therefore, the aim of this study was to extensively investigate and directly compare the behavioral effects of intrathecally administered N/OFQ over a wide dose range in monkeys.As noted, rodent studies have shown that intrathecal DAMGO and substance P produced antinociceptive and pronociceptive effects, respectively. 29,30,41 By using both behavioral end points (ie, antinociception/hyperalgesia and scratching responses), effects of intrathecal DAMGO and substance P were compared with those of intrathecal N/OFQ. Antinociceptive effects of intrathecal N/OFQ were further studied against a noxious stimulus in 2 intensities. In addition, the potential interaction between intrathecal N/OFQ and morphine was determined to explore whether N/OFQ modulated intrathecal morphine-induced antinociception and scratching responses.
Materials and Methods
SubjectsEighteen adult intact male and female rhesus monkeys (Macacamulatta) with...