Characterization of the Carbon and Retained Austenite Distributions in Martensitic Medium Carbon, High Silicon Steel

Sherman, D.H.; Cross, Steven M.; Kim, Sang Ho; Grandjean, Fernande; Long, Gary J.; Miller, M.K.

doi:10.1007/s11661-007-9160-3

Cited by 77 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…C is also enriched at the martensite plate boundary with a content of 6e7 at% as indicated by the arrows and the dashed line in Fig. 8 (a), agreeing with the saturation carbon content of Cottrell atmospheres [37,38]. Fig.…”

Section: Apt Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Strain-induced martensite decay in bearing steels under rolling contact fatigue: Modelling and atomic-scale characterisation

Song

Galindo-Nava

et al. 2017

Acta Materialia

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a b s t r a c tMartensite decay in bearing steels manifested as dark etching regions (DERs) under rolling contact fatigue (RCF) is modelled. The proposed model is established based on a dislocation-assisted carbon migration mechanism. The proposed model is capable of predicting the progress of DER formation and the corresponding mechanical property evolution with increasing number of cycles, in good agreement with the experimental data reported throughout seventy years. The effects of RCF testing conditions on DER formation are studied and a useful tool, DER% maps, is developed for illustrating the temperature, contact pressure and number of cycles for DER occurrence. Moreover, an atom probe tomography study is carried out, revealing the nature of DER ferrite and obtaining strong evidence supporting the postulated DER formation mechanism. The successful application of the dislocation assisted carbon migration mechanism to DER formation provides a plausible explanation to the phenomenon of martensite decay under rolling contact fatigue.

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Section: Apt Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Strain-induced martensite decay in bearing steels under rolling contact fatigue: Modelling and atomic-scale characterisation

Song

Galindo-Nava

et al. 2017

Acta Materialia

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“…The films of retained austenite shown in Fig. 2 are on the order of 10 nm in thickness, consistent with previous research [33].…”

Section: Microstructural Featuressupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Previous transmission electron microscope studies of lath martensite have shown that the austenite-to-martensite phase transformation typically does not go to completion, and as a result, some of the parent austenite phase is retained as interlath films at room temperature [30][31][32][33]. In the present system, retained austenite was identified; however, it seemed to be present in a rather low quantity, estimated at a few volume percent.…”

Section: Microstructural Featuresmentioning

confidence: 59%

A Two-Tilt Analysis of Electron Diffraction Patterns from Transition-Iron-Carbide Precipitates Formed During Tempering of 4340 Steel

Thompson

2016

Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal.

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Fine-scale transition-iron-carbide precipitates in a lath martensitic microstructure of 4340 steel tempered at 200°C for 1 h were examined via imaging and electron diffraction techniques with a transmission electron microscope. Region-to-region variations were eliminated by analyzing a small volume of material (about 0.03 lm 3 ) at two tilt conditions. Geometric analyses showed that measured interplanar spacings compared favorably with accepted values from both epsilon-carbide and eta-carbide phases (within 1%), whereas measured interplanar angles were within 1-2% of accepted values. Centered-dark-field imaging identified precisely which reflections were produced from a single group of small precipitates (each about 10 nm in diameter). Consistent indexing schemes are provided for epsilon-and eta-carbide, including the proper angular relationship between the two tilt conditions. An interzonal angle of 17.9 o ± 0.1 o was determined for both candidate phases. The orientation relationship between the observed transition-iron-carbide phase and martensite was determined, and confirmed previous results reported for both carbide phases. Diffracted intensities of several reflections were estimated and compared favorably with those calculated from structure factors derived from idealized crystal structures of both transition-iron-carbide phases. All results are shown to be near-equally consistent with a hexagonal epsilon-carbide phase and an orthorhombic eta-carbide phase.

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“…Similar behaviors were already reported in low to medium carbon steels [1,15,16]. As already observed previously, during the present experiments with 100Cr6 samples, the measured lattice parameters of retained austenite during quenching show a non-linear change of the slope (continuous decrease) below Ms (Fig.…”

supporting

confidence: 91%

Investigation of Triaxial Stress State in Retained Austenite during Quenching of a Low Alloy Steel by <i>In Situ</i> X-Ray Diffraction

Épp¹

2014

AMR

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Abstract. In situ XRD measurements were performed at ESRF, Grenoble, France (ID11) during quenching of a ball bearing steel AISI 52100 (100Cr6) with varying carbon content in solution. The evolution of austenite lattice parameter during cooling is nearly linear until Ms is reached and then, a divergent behavior can be observed. Assuming that the extrapolation of the linear range to room temperature gives the stress-free lattice spacing, an increasing compressive hydrostatic stress state is resulting. A strong effect of the carbon content was found. These results were confirmed by theoretical calculations based on data from the literature. IntroductionMartensitic transformation in steels has now been investigated for more than 100 years [1][2][3]. The interest in martensitic transformations is still very high as numerous industrial applications use this transformation to improve wear, mechanical and fatigue properties of parts in engineering components [4]. Moreover, new interest on fundamentals of martensitic transformations appeared in the last decades with the development of computer simulation, where kinetics, distortions and other phenomenon has to be well described to reach reliable simulation results [5,6].Few studies can be found in the literature about residual stresses in retained austenite during or after quenching of steel. Several authors describe the residual stress state within retained austenite existing at room temperature as a hydrostatic residual stress state under high compressive stresses [7,8,9]. The reason for this would be the very large volume expansion associated with the martensititic transformation (> 3 Vol. %). Due to shear-processes during the martensitic transformation, local residual stresses will not be purely hydrostatic in a single austenite region. However, X-ray diffraction techniques give average information of thousands (millions) of crystallites which in general are randomly oriented, and therefore the average information contained in the measured area might be predominantly hydrostatic.In situ X-ray diffraction analysis has become a powerful method of materials characterization stimulated by constant advances in instrumentation and data processing. This method allows, contrarily to dilatometry or resistivity measurements, to obtain time-resolved quantitative information about every single phase present in the investigated material [10].In the present study, in situ X-ray diffraction experiments were performed at ESRF on Beamline ID11 during heat treatment of 100Cr6 steel with varying parameters. By variations of the austenitizing temperature, different carbon contents in solution were observed, leading to different behavior during quenching. The kinetics of the austenite → martensite transformation could be followed with a good resolution. Parallely, the evolution of lattice parameters of austenite and martensite were determined and used to follow the generation of stresses during quenching.

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Characterization of the Carbon and Retained Austenite Distributions in Martensitic Medium Carbon, High Silicon Steel

Cited by 77 publications

References 50 publications

Strain-induced martensite decay in bearing steels under rolling contact fatigue: Modelling and atomic-scale characterisation

Strain-induced martensite decay in bearing steels under rolling contact fatigue: Modelling and atomic-scale characterisation

A Two-Tilt Analysis of Electron Diffraction Patterns from Transition-Iron-Carbide Precipitates Formed During Tempering of 4340 Steel

Investigation of Triaxial Stress State in Retained Austenite during Quenching of a Low Alloy Steel by <i>In Situ</i> X-Ray Diffraction

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