Characterization of Submicron Exhaust Particles from Engines Operating Without Load on Diesel and JP-8 Fuels

Rogers, C. F.; Sagebiel, John C.; Zielińska, Barbara; Arnott, W. P.; Fujita, Eric M.; McDonald, Jacob D.; Griffin, James B.; Kelly, Kerry E.; Overacker, Dana; Wagner, David; Lighty, JoAnn S.; Sarofim, Adel F.; Palmer, G. M.

doi:10.1080/02786820300967

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…For example, differential mobility analyzer/condensation nucleus counters measure particle electrical mobility and assume that particles are spherical in shape to infer particle size [65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73]. Similarly, optical particle counters are calibrated with aerosols composed of spherical particles and present results in terms of these calibrated particles.…”

Section: Applications To Vehicle Emitted Particulatementioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Automotive Particulate Matter Emissions with LiDAR: A Review

2010

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Automotive particulate matter (PM) causes deleterious effects on health and visibility. Physical and chemical properties of PM also influence climate change. Roadside remote sensing of automotive emissions is a valuable option for assessing the contribution of individual vehicles to the total PM burden. LiDAR represents a unique approach that allows measuring PM emissions from in-use vehicles with high sensitivity. This publication reviews vehicle emission remote sensing measurements using ultraviolet LiDAR and transmissometer systems. The paper discusses the measurement theory and documents examples of how these techniques provide a unique perspective for exhaust emissions of individual and groups of vehicles.

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Section: Applications To Vehicle Emitted Particulatementioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Automotive Particulate Matter Emissions with LiDAR: A Review

2010

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“…However, the DPM concentration depends on the engine loading, and small differences in the loading over the course of the DE injection can make a significant difference for DPM values and size distributions. [25][26][27] The EUPHORE dynamometer loading tends to decrease over the course of an injection, so a longer injection time results in a lowerthan-predicted particle concentration. See Figure S4 of the supplemental material for an example of the decrease in torque (Nm) applied by the dynamometer during injections.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application for a Newly Developed High-Capacity NO_x Denuder: Low-NO_x Diesel Transformation Experiments

Samy

Zielińska

Sagebiel

et al. 2011

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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To conduct low oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) chamber experiments with modern diesel emissions (DE), a high-capacity NO x denuder was developed and used at the European Photoreactor (EUPHORE) outdoor simulation chamber. The denuder displayed a sufficient NO x storage capacity for use with DE, and efficient removal of NO x during injections of DE was achieved (Ͼ98%). Degradation of the denuder performance after repeated regeneration by heating (400°C) and flushing with an air/oxygen ratio of 2:1 was not observed for a total of nine experiments. Evaluation of dark (with chamber cover closed) experiments (four in total) with and without the denuder in-line revealed some reduction (22%) of diesel particulate matter (DPM) with use of the denuder, most likely a result of impaction or settling of DPM during DE transit. However, DPM reduction may have also been a result of reductions in effective load of the engine-dyno system during the DE injections. Extensive chemical characterization of DPM revealed no significant perturbation of major compound groups associated with denuder use, except for nitrated polyaromatic hydrocarbon (NPAH) concentrations. The implications of high-NO x experiments without the use of a NO x denuder are discussed. INTRODUCTIONModern light-duty diesel engines emit relatively low vapor and particulate emissions in comparison to older engine models. 1 At the same time, oxides of nitrogen (NO x , or nitric oxide [NO] ϩ nitrogen dioxide [NO 2 ]) emissions from these engines have not changed significantly (frequently in the range of 300 -500 parts per million [ppm]), which presents a challenge when performing chamber experiments based on pseudoambient dilution ratios (Ն300 -400:1). To achieve diesel particulate matter (DPM) mass concentrations appropriate for chemical analysis and toxicity evaluations, a relatively large volume of modern diesel emissions (DE) must be introduced into a chamber of known volume, leading to an unrealistically high mixing ratio of NO x . In such conditions, the formation of major atmospheric oxidants (hydroxyl [OH] radical, ozone ]O 3 ], nitrate [NO 3 ] radical) will be extremely low, with rapid removal from the system through reactions with NO to form NO 2 and nitric acid (HNO 3 ). The photochemical transformation of organic compounds resulting from primary emissions would be effectively shut down, making experiments carried out in sunlight inefficient. 2 Therefore, a NO x removal (denudation) technology is crucial to carry out low-NO x experiments while achieving necessary in-chamber DPM concentrations.This study of atmospheric transformations of DE 3 pursued the development and optimization of a NO x denuder that would be able to reduce high NO x concentrations before chamber infusion. The study was carried out in 2005/2006 at the European Photoreactor (EUPHORE) outdoor simulation chamber in Valencia, Spain. 4 -6 The aim was to evaluate changes in chemistry and toxicity resulting from the aging of DE in different chamber atmospheres. To achieve in-chamber mass con...

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“…The emission measurements were obtained for a variety of military vehicles at Hill Air Force Base (HAFB, Ogden, UT) in November 2000, as part of a Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, SERDP 5,6 . The selection of aircraft ground support equipment (AGE) vehicles is shown in Table 1, along with fuel type.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

User Guide for Characterizing Particulate Matter. Evaluation of Several Real-Time Methods. Appendix 1

Kelly¹,

Sarofim²,

Lightly³

et al. 2003

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Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. REPORT DATE OCT 20032. REPORT TYPE CP 11065e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) University of Utah College of Engineering 1495 East 100 South Salt Lake City, UT 841128. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Strategic SERDP SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release, distribution unlimited SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESThe original document contains color images. ABSTRACTThis study developed and validated innovative techniques for characterizing the amount and composition of PM10, PM2.5, and smaller particles for four major classes of DoD emission sources: aircraft ground support vehicles, rocket motors, aircraft, and sandblasting operations. The techniques include the coupling of dilution samplers with advanced measurement techniques for composition and size that provide detailed analyses sufficient to complete a material balance. The size-classified analyses include measurement made with the cascade impactor and aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS). A photoelectric aerosol sensor (PAS) was being evaluated for use in rapidly evaluating field emissions of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). In addition, a photoacoustic spectrometer was investigated for use in measuring soot particle concentrations. The objective was to calibrate and enhance these instruments for DOD use. To this end, the devices are being demonstrated at DoD facilities, and the methodologies developed will be transferred to personnel responsible for monitoring emissions at DoD facilities. 15 What is particulate matter?PM is material suspended in the air, and it can include soil, road dust, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets. PM can come directly from sources like vehicles, ships, aircraft, unpaved roads, and wood burning. Larger particles, those with a diameter larger than 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ), typically come from unpaved roads and windblown dust, but finer particles, those smaller than PM 2.5 , typically come from combustion sources: vehicles, ships, etc. PM is also formed in the air when gases from burning fuels react with sunlight and water vapor (Figure 1-1). PM fou...

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Characterization of Submicron Exhaust Particles from Engines Operating Without Load on Diesel and JP-8 Fuels

Cited by 13 publications

References 16 publications

Monitoring Automotive Particulate Matter Emissions with LiDAR: A Review

Monitoring Automotive Particulate Matter Emissions with LiDAR: A Review

Application for a Newly Developed High-Capacity NO_x Denuder: Low-NO_x Diesel Transformation Experiments

User Guide for Characterizing Particulate Matter. Evaluation of Several Real-Time Methods. Appendix 1

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Characterization of Submicron Exhaust Particles from Engines Operating Without Load on Diesel and JP-8 Fuels

Cited by 13 publications

References 16 publications

Monitoring Automotive Particulate Matter Emissions with LiDAR: A Review

Monitoring Automotive Particulate Matter Emissions with LiDAR: A Review

Application for a Newly Developed High-Capacity NOx Denuder: Low-NOx Diesel Transformation Experiments

User Guide for Characterizing Particulate Matter. Evaluation of Several Real-Time Methods. Appendix 1

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Application for a Newly Developed High-Capacity NO_x Denuder: Low-NO_x Diesel Transformation Experiments