Characterization of residues on plants following foliar spray applications of benomyl

Abstract

mon ion (the direct transfer of OH+, although unlikely (Jerina et al., 1971), with generation of a cationoid intermediate serves as an acceptable and reasonable mechanism for this type of enzyme reaction) in the formation of the polar metabolites of aldrin. The aldrin ketone would be the resultant product of a NIH shift. The observed parallel enhancement in the production of dieldrin and trans-aldrin diol (TAD) by p-aminobenzoic acid, as indicated in Table 111, is not inconsistent with the one enzyme proposal. The apparent stimulation by NADPH, which has been previously observed (Yu et al., 1971), suggests a further resemblance to mixed function oxidase systems.Aldrin alcohol formation is best explained by a simple hydration mechanism involving protonation and neutralization by a water molecule. This is not an uncommon reaction, even from a nonenzymatic viewpoint. Since the aldrin alcohol is not formed with the boiled enzyme blank, there appears to be an enzyme which can incorporate a proton (H+) or equivalent species, also forming a cationoid-type intermediate. Subsequent neutralization of this intermediate would afford the aldrin alcohol (possibly both isomers (endo and exo) would be formed if the neutralization reaction is nonstereoselective). The apparent absence of an epoxide hydrase in these pea and bean root systems precludes the intermediacy of dieldrin in the formation of the diols and, therefore, simplifies the metabol-ic picture. I t is likely that further studies of the metabolizing abilities of plants will reveal many metabolizing reactions exhibited by animal systems.

Influence of environmental factors on degradation of carbendazim by Bacillus pumilus strain NY97-1

“…Numerous residue studies had shown that its half-life is long and can be detected in fruits and plant foliage well after harvest (Baude et al, 1973;Zhang et al, 2005). Numerous residue studies had shown that its half-life is long and can be detected in fruits and plant foliage well after harvest (Baude et al, 1973;Zhang et al, 2005).…”

Influence of formulation and application method on the effectiveness of benzimidazole fungicides for controlling postharvest diseases of citrus fruits

“…Benomyl per se in wax formulations and on fruit was measured after conversion of benomyl to l-(2-benzimidazolyl)-3-n-butyl urea (BBU) by a procedure similar to that described by Baude et al (1973). Individual fruit were tumbled gently in 0.5 N alcoholic NaOH, and after the addition of some water, the extract was heated to quantitatively convert benomyl to BBU and the MBC to 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-ABZ) (Fig.…”

A set of software components for the simulation of plant airborne diseases

“…Values of k can be estimated from data on chemical residues and were estimated for a number of fungicides (Mitchell and Moore, 1962;Baude et al, 1973). The impact of precipitation on fungicide degradation is then estimated as reported in Equation (45).…”