Characterization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):tosylate conductive polymer microelectrodes for transmitter detection

Larsen, Simon Tylsgaard; Vreeland, Richard F.; Heien, Michael L.; Taboryski, Rafael J.

doi:10.1039/c2an16288a

Cited by 35 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is electro-polymerized from 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene (EDOT) monomers. The oxidative polymerization of PEDOT results in positive charges on the polymer backbone, this allows for the incorporation of negatively charged doping agents, such as graphene oxide (GO) (Luo et al 2013a; Wang et al 2015; Wang et al 2014; Weaver et al 2014a; Weaver et al 2014b), polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) (Alemu et al 2012; Tait et al 2013), carbon nanotubes (CNT) (Gerwig et al 2012; Luo et al 2011; Xu et al 2013), Nafion (Vreeland et al 2015; Wang and Olbricht 2010) and tosylate (Larsen et al 2012; Vreeland et al 2014), for the purpose of charge balancing. The introduction of a doping agent also has the added benefit of incorporating additional reactive functional groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced dopamine detection sensitivity by PEDOT/graphene oxide coating on in vivo carbon fiber electrodes

Taylor

Robbins

Catt

et al. 2017

Biosensors and Bioelectronics

176

113

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Dopamine (DA) is a monoamine neurotransmitter responsible for regulating a variety of vital life functions. In vivo detection of DA poses a challenge due to the low concentration and high speed of physiological signaling. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon fiber microelectrodes (CFEs) is an effective method to monitor real-time in vivo DA signaling, however the sensitivity is somewhat limited. Electrodeposition of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/graphene oxide (GO) onto the CFE surface is shown to increase the sensitivity and lower the limit of detection for DA compared to bare CFEs. Thicker PEDOT/GO coatings demonstrate higher sensitivities for DA, but display the negative drawback of slow adsorption and electron transfer kinetics. The moderate thickness resulting from 25 s electrodeposition of PEDOT/GO produces the optimal electrode, exhibiting an 880% increase in sensitivity, a 50% decrease in limit of detection and minimally altered electrode kinetics. PEDOT/GO coated electrodes rapidly and robustly detect DA, both in solution and in the rat dorsal striatum. This increase in DA sensitivity is likely due to increasing the electrode surface area with a PEDOT/GO coating and improved adsorption of DA’s oxidation product (DA-o-quinone). Increasing DA sensitivity without compromising electrode kinetics is expected to significantly improve our understanding of the DA function in vivo.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced dopamine detection sensitivity by PEDOT/graphene oxide coating on in vivo carbon fiber electrodes

Taylor

Robbins

Catt

et al. 2017

Biosensors and Bioelectronics

176

113

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“…24,26 These electrode materials have disadvantages compared to carbonaceous materials, since gold has been reported to biofoul 4,27 while PE-DOT:tosylate suffers from a relatively small potential window 26 and larger amperometric noise. 28 The results presented here show that pyrolyzed photoresist carbon electrodes can successfully be used to measure transmitter release on-chip.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyrolyzed Photoresist Electrodes for Integration in Microfluidic Chips for Transmitter Detection from Biological Cells

Larsen

Argyraki

Amato

et al. 2013

ECS Electrochemistry Letters

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In this study, we show how pyrolyzed photoresist carbon electrodes can be used for amperometric detection of potassium-induced transmitter release from large groups of neuronal PC 12 cells. This opens the way for the use of carbon film electrodes in microfabricated devices for neurochemical drug screening applications. We also investigated the effect of using two different photoresists for fabrication of pyrolyzed photoresist electrodes. We observed a significant difference in the cross-sectional profile of band electrodes made of AZ 4562 and AZ 5214 photoresist. This difference can be explained by the difference in photoresist viscosity. By adding a soft bake step to the fabrication procedure, the flatness of pyrolyzed AZ 5214 electrodes could be improved which would facilitate their integration in microfluidic chip devices.Photoresists are organic materials and can therefore be carbonized by elevation to very high temperatures (500 -1100 • C) in an oxygenfree atmosphere. Pyrolyzed photoresist microelectrodes have been made by pyrolysis of fully developed photoresist structures and used for various biosensor applications 1-3 including neurotransmitter detection using Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry 4 and Microchip Electrophoresis. 5 Also, it was shown that neuronal cells can be grown directly on pyrolyzed photoresist. 6 Detection of transmitter release from neuronal cells has not been reported so far on pyrolyzed photoresist electrodes despite the success of carbon fiber microelectrodes in this area. 7,8 Several precursor photoresists have been used for the fabrication of pyrolyzed photoresist electrodes, including OIR-897, 9 SPR 220-7.0, 6 OCG 825, 10 Shipley 1813, 11 SU-8 12-14 and various AZ resists. 15-18 The number of studies comparing different photoresist precursors systematically is limited. The bulk conductivity was in one case shown to depend on the photoresist precursor. 16,19 According to two studies on negative photoresists SU-8 and Polyamide 13 and positive photoresists AZ 4330 and OCG-825 19 processed at the same conditions, positive photoresists were found to exhibit higher conductivities than negative photoresists while the variation between the two positive photoresists was small. Pyrolyzed films from positive AZ resists have been shown to exhibit near-atomic flatness 20 (rms roughness from AFM measurements: 0.5 nm), shrinkages of around 80%, 21 resistivities in the range of 2-10 (m cm) 21 and capacitances in the range of 7-100 μF/cm 2 . 21 In this work, we report that pyrolyzed microelectrodes made from positive resists AZ 4562 and AZ 5214 exhibit widely different shapes after pyrolysis. We attribute this difference to a viscosity-dependent flow during pyrolysis. We also characterize a range of physical and electrochemical properties of the pyrolyzed electrodes. Finally, we show how pyrolyzed photoresist electrodes can be used on-chip to measure amperometric responses from the release of transmitter molecules from large groups of neuronal cells, an application that has been proven successful for ...

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“…This process gives a pedot:tosylate layer of about 200 nm. 12 Spin coating of another layer of AZ resist of 1.5 lm in thickness was followed by an aligned exposure and development (like the ones used to pattern the TOPAS) to define the pedot:tosylate film over the grooves. In order to assure the complete filling of the cavities, the features on the mask used for the lithography had dimensions that exceeded by 2 lm the ones of the cavities.…”

Section: A Electrode Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The polymer lids have been patterned to include either electrodes (Au or conductive polymer) or waveguides used for electrochemical or optofluidic purposes, respectively. Such fabrication and characterization methods 9,10 are used to study topics such as single and multiple cell electrochemistry, [11][12][13][14] DNA mapping, 15-18 metaphase chromosomes, 19 and electroporation. 20 In Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…28,29 The advantages of reducing electrode dimensions are manifold: from the increased portability of monitoring devices to the higher performance in terms of signal-to-noise ratio to higher spatial and temporal resolution. Different materials have been studied both to increase sensing performance and to realize fabrication schemes suitable for large scale replica: not only electrodes are made from patterning of metals such as platinum and gold but also, among others, conducting polymers, [12][13][14] To integrate electrodes in polymer microfluidic chips, the use of pressure assisted thermal bonding of injection molded chips to substrates with pedot electrodes was previously demonstrated. 20 One of the challenges of this technique is to ensure that optimal bonding using the required forces and temperatures does not cause deterioration of the electrodes in the areas where the electrodes enter the channel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Polymer multilevel lab-on-chip systems for electrochemical sensing

Matteucci¹,

Larsen²,

Garau³

et al. 2013

Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Nanotechnology an

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The authors present a scheme intended for production of large quantities of lab on chip systems by means of Si dry etching, electroplating, injection molding, and pressure-assisted thermal bonding. This scheme allows for the fabrication of large numbers of samples having a combination of structures with depths as small as tens of nanometers and as big as hundreds of microns on the same polymer chip. The authors also describe in detail the fabrication procedure of polymer substrates with embedded Au and pedot:tosylate electrodes for electrochemical applications. The electrode fabrication process is simple and fit for integration in a production scheme. The electrode-substrates are then bonded to injection molded counterparts to be used for electrochemical applications. A dimensional and functional characterization of the electrodes is also presented here.

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Characterization of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):tosylate conductive polymer microelectrodes for transmitter detection

Cited by 35 publications

References 41 publications

Enhanced dopamine detection sensitivity by PEDOT/graphene oxide coating on in vivo carbon fiber electrodes

Enhanced dopamine detection sensitivity by PEDOT/graphene oxide coating on in vivo carbon fiber electrodes

Pyrolyzed Photoresist Electrodes for Integration in Microfluidic Chips for Transmitter Detection from Biological Cells

Polymer multilevel lab-on-chip systems for electrochemical sensing

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