Characterization of phenolic profile by LC‐ESI‐MS/MS and enzyme inhibitory activities of two wild edible garlic: Allium nigrum L. and Allium subhirsutum L.

Abstract

In our study, Allium nigrum L. and Allium subhirsutum L. were investigated in terms of phenolic profile, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and tyrosinase inhibitory potentials. The colorimetric analysis revealed that the highest levels of total phenol (45.6, 15.8 mg GAE/g extract, respectively) and total flavonoid contents (8.2, 5.7 mg QE/g extract, respectively) were found in the bulbs of both plants. About 30 compounds were determined by LC‐ESI‐MS/MS with validated method and 3‐hydroxybenzoic acid (2,188.4 μg/g extract) and p‐coumaric acid (1,700.8 μg/g extract) were major phenolic acids. (−)‐Epigallocatechin gallate (998.3 µg/g extract) and genistein (159.3 μg/g extract) which are neuroprotective compounds were the predominant flavonoids for A. nigrum and A. subhirsutum, respectively. Enzyme inhibitory activities of samples were performed by spectrophotometrically with 96‐well microplate reader. All samples showed anti‐AChE, anti‐BuChE, and anti‐tyrosinase activities and the aerial part of A. nigrum was the most potent (IC50 6.1, 3.27, 22.31 µg/ml, respectively). Practical applications Many Allium species, especially those cultivated, are consumed in different countries as food in different ways. In the literature, studies on these species have generally focused on organosulfur compounds of the species. In our present study, phenolic compounds having a wide range of biological activities were determined in different parts of the two Allium species consumed as food. We also investigated in vitro cholinesterases and tyrosinase inhibition activities of these species. A correlation was observed between phenolic compounds and enzyme inhibition activities. These results were further explored and confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA). PCA revealed that samples were discriminated from each other according to phenolic compounds and enzyme inhibitory potencies. Conclusively, this study determines that the chemical profiles and biological activities of A. nigrum and A. subhirsutum.

Chemical profiles and biological properties of methanol extracts of Allium pallens L. from different localities in Turkey

“…Therefore, environmental factors, such as the soil structure, temperature and/or physiological factors of the plants were most likely responsible for these differences in the phenolic contents of the samples. In the literature, bulbs of A. subhirsutum [15] and A. roseum var. odoratissimum [32], leaves of A. ursinum [33], aerial parts of A. nigrum [15] and A. orientale [34] and flowers of A. scorodoprasum [14] have been reported to be richer in phenolics than other parts.…”

“…In the literature, bulbs of A. subhirsutum [15] and A. roseum var. odoratissimum [32], leaves of A. ursinum [33], aerial parts of A. nigrum [15] and A. orientale [34] and flowers of A. scorodoprasum [14] have been reported to be richer in phenolics than other parts. Additionally, the phenolic compounds of some Allium species have previously been investigated quantitatively with LC.…”

“…Additionally, the phenolic compounds of some Allium species have previously been investigated quantitatively with LC. Specifically, eriodictyol in A. scorodoprasum [14], 3-hydroxybenzoic acid in A. nigrum [15], p-coumaric acid in A. subhirsutum [15], protocatechuic acid in A. hookeri [35], isorhamnetin in A. flavum subsp. flavum [36] and malic acid in A. macrochaetum [37] are the most dominant phenolic compounds in these species.…”

“…rotundum were examined [14], and all three parts of the plant demonstrated potent inhibitory activity against these enzymes. A previous study by our group investigated the cholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibitory potentials of different parts of A. nigrum and A. subhirsutum and observed enzyme inhibitory activity in all samples, with the bulb parts of both plants showing the highest activity [15].…”

“…The antityrosinase activity of the samples was determined using the dopachrome method with a 96-well microplate reader [22]. The procedures of this experiment have been defined in our previous study [15]. The IC 50 values of the samples were determined using GraphPad Prism V5.0 software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) and the results given represent the averages from three independent experiments.…”