Characterization of particle size distribution of mainstream cigarette smoke generated by smoking machine with an electrical low pressure impactor

Li, Xiang; Haohui, Kong; Zhang, Xinying; Peng, Bin; Nie, Cong; Shen, Guanglin; Liu, Huimin

doi:10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60472-6

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Tools for characterizing the dose and exposure aerosol have included fluorometric assessment of chemical deposition, mass deposition measurement with quartz crystal microbalance, and particle consistency using photometers. 55,67,68 In our studies, we have observed consistent particulate generation and reproducible delivery across the exposure module, an important component of validating such equipment for use in biological assessments of smoke exposures. 55 These characterizations allow for comparative assessments of combustible and electronic cigarettes in the EpiAirway model, in which we observed that aerosol from MarkTen and NJOY Bold yielded no impact on cellular toxicity and tissue barrier integrity, while aerosol from combustible cigarettes yielded a dose-dependent decrease in survival and barrier function.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Characterization and Application of the VITROCELL VC1 Smoke Exposure System and 3D EpiAirway Models for Toxicological and e-Cigarette Evaluations

FieldsWanda

MaioneAnna

KeyserBrian

et al. 2017

Applied In Vitro Toxicology

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The VITROCELL VC1 Ò smoke exposure machine is an aerosol exposure system that has been used to conduct toxicological assessments with cigarettes and e-cigarettes and can be used with the human 3D EpiAirwayÔ tissue model (MatTek Corporation). The goals of this study were to assess exposure parameters of the VC1, and evaluate donor-to-donor variability of three EpiAirway tissue donors with the following endpoints: viability, barrier integrity, and gene promoter/expression regulation. Additionally, we applied the EpiAirway model to assess the effects of aerosol from two reference combustible cigarettes and two e-cigarettes. Whole smoke (WS) exposures with Kentucky Reference 3R4F cigarettes and Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) Monitor were conducted under International Organization for Standardization or Health Canada Intense (HCI) conditions, and e-cigarette exposures were conducted under modified HCI conditions. Particulate deposition and collection were consistent across independent assessments. A decrease in barrier function was accompanied with a dose-dependent decrease in viability for all donors. IC 50 values were reproducible (coefficient of variations, CVs <20%) for all donors with both assays. Under HCI conditions, tissue viability and barrier integrity declined rapidly following 3R4F exposures, while no decline in either endpoint was observed with either e-cigarette. Increases in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) promoter activation through the antioxidant response element and gene expression associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolism were observed following 3R4F WS exposures, and the Nrf2 promoter was differentially regulated by 3R4F WS compared with gas-vapor-phase exposures. No activation in the Nrf2 promoter was observed for e-cigarette exposures. Collectively, the consistency of the VC1 system and EpiAirway model supports the use of these systems in respiratory toxicological assessments. Furthermore, these systems effectively discriminate the toxic impact of smoke from a combustible cigarette on cell viability and oxidative stress while showing no impact of e-cigarettes in these experiments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Characterization and Application of the VITROCELL VC1 Smoke Exposure System and 3D EpiAirway Models for Toxicological and e-Cigarette Evaluations

FieldsWanda

MaioneAnna

KeyserBrian

et al. 2017

Applied In Vitro Toxicology

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“…Our data showed various ranges of particles from flavored cigars (from 1.0 μm to 4.0 μm with higher mass concentration) vs. research-grade research and filtered cigars. In flavored cigars, the particle distribution/concentration was significantly higher in compared to other filtered cigars or research cigarettes, suggesting that composition of flavored cigars generate broader particles with higher concentrations which might be even more harmful than cigarette smoke [30–32]. Further studies are required to determine the grading of various commercially available cigars for their HPHCs, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and TPM, and their products chemical analyses to ascertain the toxicity in the realm of cellular toxicity especially with flavored cigars/cigarillos and flavoring chemicals used.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of flavors in cigarillos and little cigars and their variable cellular and acellular oxidative and cytotoxic responses

et al. 2019

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Flavored tobacco products are increasing in popularity but remain unregulated, with the exception of the ban on flavored conventional cigarettes. Lack of regulation of cigarillos and little cigars allows vendors to have their own version of popular flavors, each with different chemical components. A new classification system was created for flavored cigars in order to easily communicate our results with the scientific community. To understand the physicochemical characteristics of flavored little cigars and cigarillo smoke, size distribution and concentration of particulate matter in smoke were determined. Acellular reactive oxygen species generation was measured as an indirect measurement of the potential to cause oxidative stress in cells. In addition, cigarillo smoke extract treatment on bronchial epithelial (Beas-2b) cells were assessed to determine the flavor-induced cellular toxicity. Flavored cigars/cigarillos showed significant variability in the tested parameters between flavors as well as brands of the same flavor, but most of the cigars showed higher potential of generating oxidative stress, than research grade cigarettes. Flavored cigars produced maximum particle concentrations at 1.0μm and 4.0 μm compared with 3R4F reference research cigarettes. A differential cytotoxic response was observed with cigarillo smoke extract treatments, with “fruits/candy” and “drinks” being the most toxic, but were not more cytotoxic than smoke from cigarettes. These cigarillos with flavors must be well characterized for toxicity in order to prevent adverse effects caused by exposure to flavor chemicals. Our study provides insight into understanding the potential health effects of flavor-infused cigars/cigarillos and the need for the regulation of those flavoring chemicals in these products. Future research is directed to determine the flavoring toxicity of little cigars and cigarillos in vivo studies.

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“…[4][5][6] The toxicity of particles has a correlation with their size. 7,8 Small particle size allows UFPs to enter human cells, and their large surface area renders them more active biologically. The characteristics of submicron particles and UFPs and their associated health risks have been important research topics recently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrafine particle emissions from a smouldering cigarette in a residence and its associated lung cancer risk

Zhang

et al. 2019

Indoor and Built Environment

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After smoking bans were enforced in most public spaces, residences became the major places for exposure to secondhand smoke. Since cigarette smoke contains mainly submicron and ultrafine particles (UFPs), the harmful effects of the particles in cigarette smoke might be correlated more with number and surface area concentrations of UFPs instead of their mass concentration. To assess these harmful effects, we investigated the size distribution of particles (20 nm to 600 nm) released from sidestream smoke. An experiment was carried out in a two-zone house which was divided into smoking and non-smoking areas. Particle concentrations were measured in both zones and the exposure doses of people in both zones were calculated. The lung cancer risk of UFPs was then analysed by a modified surface area-based risk assessment scheme, which was found to be much closer to the incidence rate of lung cancer. In most of the studied scenarios, the excess lifetime cancer risks to non-smoker occupants exceeded an acceptable level. Although closing a door separating the two zones is a common isolation measure, adequate protection for the non-smokers cannot be achieved unless sufficient ventilation in the smoking zone is provided.

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Characterization of particle size distribution of mainstream cigarette smoke generated by smoking machine with an electrical low pressure impactor

Cited by 19 publications

References 16 publications

Characterization and Application of the VITROCELL VC1 Smoke Exposure System and 3D EpiAirway Models for Toxicological and e-Cigarette Evaluations

Characterization and Application of the VITROCELL VC1 Smoke Exposure System and 3D EpiAirway Models for Toxicological and e-Cigarette Evaluations

Classification of flavors in cigarillos and little cigars and their variable cellular and acellular oxidative and cytotoxic responses

Ultrafine particle emissions from a smouldering cigarette in a residence and its associated lung cancer risk

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