Characterization of partially purified glutathione reductase from cold-hardened and nonhardened spinach leaf tissue

Guy, Charles L.; Carter, John V.

doi:10.1016/0011-2240(84)90083-x

Cited by 85 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Plants respond to oxidative stress by inducing the activities and/or the mRNA transcripts of several antioxidative enzymes (Foyer and Mullineaux, 1994;Kangasjarvi et al, 1994;Madamanchi et al, 1994;Sharma and Davis, 1994;Willekens et al, 1994). Furthermore, it has been shown that plants are capable of synthesizing new isoforms of antioxidant enzymes with altered kinetic properties (Guy and Carter, 1984;Edwards et al, 1994). However, there has been no consensus about whether different stresses that generate AOS would cause similar activation of AOS scavenging systems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultraviolet-B- and Ozone-Induced Biochemical Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana

1996

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Earlier studies with Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to ultraviolet 6 (UV-6) and ozone (O,) have indicated the differential responses of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase. In this study, we have investigated whether A. thaliana genotype Landsberg erecfa and its flavonoid-deficient mutant fransparent testa ( t f 5 ) is capable of metabolizing UV-B-and O,-induced activated oxygen species by invoking similar antioxidant enzymes. UV-6 exposure preferentially enhanced guaiacol-peroxidases, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidases specific to coniferyl alcohol and modified the substrate affinity of ascorbate peroxidase. O, exposure enhanced superoxide dismutase, peroxidases, glutathione reductase, and ascorbate peroxidase to a similar degree and modified the substrate affinity of both glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase. Both UV-B and O, exposure enhanced similar Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase isoforms. New isoforms of peroxidases and ascorbate peroxidase were synthesized in tt5 plants irradiated with UV-B. UV-B radiation, in contrast to O,, enhanced the activated oxygen species by increasing membrane-localized NADPH-oxidase activity and decreasing catalase activities. These results collectively suggest that (a) UV-B exposure preferentially induces peroxidase-related enzymes, whereas O, exposure invokes the enzymes of superoxide dismutase/ ascorbate-glutathione cycle, and (b) in contrast to O,, UV-B exposure generated activated oxygen species by increasing NADPHoxidase activity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5b). Oxidative stress is known to modify the properties , , , of GR in several species (Guy and Carter, 1984;Edwards et al, 1994;Hausladen and Alscher, 1994). Since both UV-B and O, induce oxidative stress, we have evaluated the changes in the kinetic properties of GR.…”

Section: Grmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultraviolet-B- and Ozone-Induced Biochemical Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana

1996

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“…This concept is supported by much indirect evidence (5,10,16,20,21), but only recently has direct evidence to support an altered gene expression hypothesis been reported. In spinach, a qualitative alteration in the translatable mRNA content of leaf tissue was observed during cold acclimation (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of Freezing Tolerance in Spinach Is Associated with the Synthesis of Cold Acclimation Induced Proteins

Guy

Haskell²

1987

Plant Physiol.

136

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Spinach (Spinacia okracca L. cv Bloomsdale) seedlings cultured in vitro were used to study changes in protein synthesis during cold accfimation. Seedlings grown for 3 weeks postsowing on an inorganic-nutrientagar medium were able to increase their freezing tolerance when grown at 5°C. During cold acclimation at 5°C and deaccfimation at 25°C, the kinetics of freezing tolerance induction and loss were similar to that of soil-grown plants. Freezing tolerance increased after 1 day of cold acclimation and reached a maximum within 7 days. Upon deacclimation at 25°C, freezing tolerance declined within 1 day and was largely lost by the 7th day. Leaf proteins of intact plants grown at 5 and 25°C were in vivo radiolabeled, without wounding or injury, to high specific activities with 3ISimethionine. Leaf proteins were radiolabeled at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14 days of cold acclimation and at 1, 3, and 7 days of deacclimation. Up to 500 labeled proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and visnalized by fluorography. A rapid and stable change in the protein synthesis pattern was observed when seedlings were transferred to the low temperature environment. Cold-acclimated leaves contained 22 polypeptides not found in nonaccimated leaves. Exposure to 5°C induced the synthesis of three high molecular weight cold acclimation proteins (CAPs) (M, of about 160,000, 117,000, and 85,000) and greatly increased the synthesis of a fourth high molecular weight protein (M, 79,000). These proteins were synthesized during day 1 and throughout the 14 day exposure to 5°C. During deaccimation, the synthesis of CAPs 160, 117, and 85 was greatly reduced by the first day of exposure to 25°C. However, CAP 79 was synthesized throughout the 7 day deacclimation treatment. Thus, the induction at low temperature and termination at warm temperature of the synthesis of CAPs 160, 117, and 85 was highly correlated with the induction and loss of freezing tolerance. Cold acclimation did not result in a general posttranslational modification of leaf proteins. Most of the observed changes in the two-dimensional gel patterns could be attributed to the de novo synthesis of proteins induced by low temperature. In spinach leaf tissue, heat shock altered the pattern of protein synthesis and induced the synthesis of several heat shock proteins (HSPs). One polypeptide synthesized in cold-acclimated leaves had a molecular weight and net charge (M, 79,000, pl 4.8) similar to that of a HSP (M, 83,000, pl 4.8). However, heat shock did not increase the freezing tolerance, and cold acclimation did not increase heat tolerance over that of nonacclimated plants, but heat-shocked leaf tissue was more tolerant to high temperatures than nonacclimated or cold-acclimated leaf tissue. When protein extracts from heat-shocked and cold-acclimated leaves were mixed and separated in the same two-dimensional gel, the CAP and HSP were shown to be two separate polypeptides with slightly different isoelectric points and molecular weights.

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“…However, some cold-hardened species demonstrate a resistance to photoinhibition that may result from increased metabolism of active oxygen scavengers (16). Cold acclimation has been associated with increased levels of ascorbate (8,11,24), ascorbate peroxidase (11,21,24), dehydroascorbate reductase (11,21), ascorbate free radical reductase (21,24), glutathione (8)(9)(10)15), glutathione reductase (9,10,14,23), and superoxide dismutase (3,24). These metabolites and enzymes are all components of the chloroplast antioxidant system that functions in the scavenging of oxygen free radicals and H202 (1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Variation in the Antioxidant System of Eastern White Pine Needles

Anderson

Chevone²,

Hess³

1992

Plant Physiol.

253

104

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Antioxidant metabolites in eastem white pine (Pinus strobus L.) needles increased two-to fourfold from the summer to the winter season. Antioxidant enzymes in needle tissue increased between 2-and 122-fold during this same period. These seasonal changes were determined by monitoring ascorbate and glutathione concentrations and the activity of ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase (GR), and superoxide dismutase. Levels of antioxidant metabolites and enzymes were observed always to be lowest during the summer, or active growing season, and highest during the winter, or dormant season. These data correlated well with the thermal kinetic window for purified GR obtained from summer needles. The minimum, apparent KmDm for two isoforms of GR (GRA and GRo) occurred at 5 and 10°C, respectively. The upper limit of the thermal kinetic window (200% of the minimum K.) for GRA and GRB was 20 and 250C, respectively, indicating that needle temperatures exceeding 250C may result in impairment of antioxidant metabolism. The needle content and kinetic properties of GR, the increased activities of other enzymes, and the high substrate concentrations observed during the winter are consistent with the protective function this pathway may provide against photooxidative, winter injury.

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Characterization of partially purified glutathione reductase from cold-hardened and nonhardened spinach leaf tissue

Cited by 85 publications

References 54 publications

Ultraviolet-B- and Ozone-Induced Biochemical Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana

Ultraviolet-B- and Ozone-Induced Biochemical Changes in Antioxidant Enzymes of Arabidopsis thaliana

Induction of Freezing Tolerance in Spinach Is Associated with the Synthesis of Cold Acclimation Induced Proteins

Seasonal Variation in the Antioxidant System of Eastern White Pine Needles

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