Characterization of paramyxoviruses isolated from penguins in Antarctica and sub-Antarctica during 1976?1979

Abstract

Nine paramyxovirus isolates obtained from penguins were tested for antigenic relationships amongst themselves and to other avian paramyxoviruses. One of the isolates was shown to be a lentogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV), i.e., of PMV-1 serotype. By serological tests and analysis of structural polypeptides the other penguin isolates could be placed into three groups. No relationship with other avian paramyxoviruses could be determined except that six of the penguin viruses, representing two of the groups, showed reaction with a monoclonal antibody raised against NDV Ulster 2C and three of the isolates, representing one of the penguin groups, also reacted with another PMV-1 directed monoclonal antibody.

Evidence for a New Avian Paramyxovirus Serotype 10 Detected in Rockhopper Penguins from the Falkland Islands

“…In addition, one-way antigenicity suggests that the immunogenic potential of the HN protein of some viruses may not be comparable in all serotypes. Currently there are at least eight other avian paramyxoviruses isolated from different penguin species from various geographical locations that are not inhibited by known APMV sera and likely representing at least three serotypes different from each other (2,8) and from APMV10 (data not shown). In addition, the difficulties associated with easily procuring antiserum to each of the known APMVs (except for reference laboratories) highlight the need for alternative tools to classify paramyxoviruses.…”

“…However, there are multiple problems associated with the use of serology, including the inability to classify some APMVs by comparing them to the sera of the nine defined APMVs alone (2,8). In addition, one-way antigenicity and cross-reactivity between different serotypes have been documented for many years (4,5,14,25,29,33,34,41,51,52,60).…”

“…Rare isolations of APMV1, both virulent (45) and of low virulence (8), have been reported from Antarctic penguins. Sera positive for APMV1 and AMPV2 have also been reported (21,24,38,40,53).…”

“…Sera positive for APMV1 and AMPV2 have also been reported (21,24,38,40,53). Since 1981, paramyxoviruses have been isolated from king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus), royal penguins (Eudyptes schlegeli), and Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) from Antarctica and little blue penguins (Eudyptula minor) from Australia that cannot be identified as belonging to APMV1 to -9 and have not yet been classified (8,11,(38)(39)(40). The morphology, biological and genomic characteristics, and antigenic relatedness of an APMV recently isolated from multiple penguin colonies on the Falkland Islands are reported here.…”

Parainfluenza Viruses

“…Some PIV can infect nonmammalian species. A rubulovirus, Newcastle disease virus, infects poultry, penguins, and other birds and has been responsible for conjunctivitis in bird handlers and laboratory workers (3,28,264). There have been reports of human infections by some of the other nonhuman PIV, but these have not been well established (21,161,298,387).…”