Characterization of parainfluenza virus 5 from diarrheic piglet highlights its zoonotic potential

Abstract

Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), a member of paramyxoviruses, causes respiratory and neurological infection in several animal species. Whereas information on PIV5 infection in digestive system is very scarce. Here, we successfully isolated one PIV5 strain from diarrheic piglets. After four times plaque purification and ultracentrifugation, the paramyxovirus‐like particles were observed by electron microscopy. The genome‐wide phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolated strain was closely related to the PIV5 strain from a lesser panda and pigs in China. Therefore, we characterized this isolated PIV5 and found that this virus could haemagglutinate red blood cells from both guinea pigs and chickens. Further, we observed that this PIV5 could infect cell lines from various host species including pig, human, monkey, bovine, dog, cat, rabbit, hamster and mouse, which was confirmed with the immunofluorescent assay. To evaluate the distribution of PIV5 in the field, we developed an indirect ELISA (iELISA) for the first time to detect the specific antibodies based on recombinant nucleocapsid protein. A total of 530 porcine serum samples were tested and the PIV5‐positive rate was 75.7%. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the full characterization of PIV5 strain isolated from a diarrheic piglet. The ability of this PIV5 strain to infect a wide range of mammalian cell types indicates that PIV5 can transmit across different species, providing a remarkable insight into potential zoonosis. The virus strain and iELISA developed in this study can be used to investigate the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and zoonotic potential of PIV5.

Molecular characterization and pathogenicity evaluation of enterovirus G isolated from diarrheic piglets

“…To purify the isolated viruses, a plaque assay was performed as previously described with slight modifications ( 63 ). In brief, Marc145 cells were inoculated with serially diluted viruses and overlayed with agarose medium.…”

Isolation, identification and pathogenic characteristics of tick‐derived parainfluenza virus 5 in northeast China

“…After three times of plaque purification, the virus clones were successfully obtained. The six‐well plates were also fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with 1% crystal violet for visualizing the production of CPEs (Ibrahim et al., 2022). The viral titres are expressed as the median tissue culture infective dose Log 10 (TCID 50 /ml) according to the method of Reed and Müench.…”

Persistent paramyxovirus infections: in co-infections the parainfluenza virus type 5 persistent phenotype is dominant over the lytic phenotype

“…PIV5 (for a general review on the biology and molecular biology of PIV5 see [10]) is clearly a very successful virus, in that, unusually for most viruses, it readily crosses species barriers. It has been isolated from, and/or nucleotide sequences have been detected in, humans [11][12][13][14], monkeys [15][16][17], dogs [18], cattle [19,20], pigs [21][22][23][24][25], tigers [26,27], lesser panda [27] and pangolins [28], and there is some evidence that PIV5 may infect cats, hamsters, rats and guinea pigs [15]; a very OPEN ACCESS closely related virus, Alston virus, has also been isolated from an Australian pteropid bat colony [29]. However, despite the fact that PIV5 infections appear to be endemic in at least dogs, cattle, pigs and humans, its association with disease is not clear.…”

“…For example, although neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses to PIV5 have been detected in a high percentage of human blood [13,15,30,31], there is no clear association of PIV5 with human respiratory disease. Similarly, although PIV5 has been linked to acute respiratory and diarrhoea symptoms in piglets [24,32,33] and calves [34], it has yet to be proven that PIV5 is a significant cause of illness in these animals. The best correlation between PIV5 and acute illness is in dogs, in which PIV5 is one of the causes of kennel cough (the virus is often called canine parainfluenza virus in veterinary circles).…”