“…In both nuclear and non-nuclear applications, liquid metal coolants are under consideration as the primary heat transfer media [23][24][25][26]. High temperature oxidation of HCM12A in such extreme environments leads to the formation of a multilayered oxide structure, which have been studied previously on a range of different alloys [6][7][8][27][28][29][30]. Oxide layers formed on HCM12A have been previously studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), micro-X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) [19][20][21][22] and during exposure to LBE by SEM/EDX, EBSD, 3D atom probe tomography (APT) and scanning probe microscopy (SPM) [21,[31][32][33].…”