Characterization of Oral bacteriome dysbiosis in type 2 diabetic patients

Abstract

We aimed to characterize the relationship of the oral microbiome with diabetes in Pakistan.Saliva samples were collected from diabetic patients (n = 49) and healthy individuals (n = 55).16S metagenomics saliva was carried out by NGS technology. We observed that the phylum Firmicutes (p-value = 0.024 at 95% confidence interval) was significantly more abundant among diabetic patients than among the controls. We found that the abundance of phylum Actinobacteria did not significantly vary among both groups in contrast to a similar report from the USA (Long et al., 2017). On genus level, acidogenic bacteria Prevotella (p-value = 0.024) and Leptotrichia (p-value = 1.5 x 10 -3 ); and aciduric bacteria Veillonella (p-value = 0.013) were found to be in higher abundance in diabetic patients. These bacteria are found in dental biofilm and involved in the metabolism of fermentable carbohydrates. Stratified analysis by gender revealed healthy and diabetic females to be more divergent. Abundance of Prevotella (p-value = 4.4 x 10-3) and Leptotrichia (p-value = 0.015) was significantly associated with male patients. A comparison of oral bacteriome between two groups revealed the dominance of acidogenic and aciduric bacteria in diabetics which suggested the involvement of these eubacteria in oral dysbacteriosis in diabetes mellitus.

Akkermansia muciniphila is Negatively Correlated with Hemoglobin A1c in Refractory Diabetes

“…Veillonella is a gram-negative anaerobic cocci that normally resides in the gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity and vagina [ 31 , 32 ]. An increased abundance of Veillonella was detected in the saliva of the oral microbiome in T2D and gestational diabetes mellitus, as well as a pathogen in diabetic patients with osteomyelitis [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. The species of Veillonella denticariosi ( V. denticariosi ) was first isolated from human carious dentine, and the function of V. denticariosi remained uncertain [ 36 ].…”

Enrichment of Acid-Associated Microbiota in the Saliva of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Adults: A Systematic Review

“…Four studies used qPCR (real-time PCR) analysis, with or without a sequencing approach [ 23 , 24 , 27 , 28 ]. Regarding the DNA extraction, two studies employed manual protocols [ 4 , 25 ], two used automated protocols [ 2 , 27 ], and eight used commercially available extraction kits [ 14 , 15 , 23 , 24 , 26 , 28 , 29 , 30 ] ( Table 1 ).…”

“…Nonetheless, the relative abundance of certain acid-associated bacteria may be higher in individuals with T2D compared to those without T2D. Lactobacillus (acidogenic) and Veillonela (lactate-metabolizing, aciduric) consistently displayed an effect direction towards T2D, albeit the evidence was very uncertain [ 15 , 25 , 31 ]. Additionally, Prevotella and Fusobacterium were enriched in the saliva of adults with T2D compared to those without T2D or with controlled T2D, but the evidence was very uncertain.…”

“…This can be influenced by reduced salivary flow and altered microbiota due to local hyperglycaemia [ 14 ]. The increased availability of glucose in saliva creates an environment that can favour the growth of caries-associated acidogenic and aciduric microorganisms [ 3 , 15 ]. This hypothesis has been tested in adolescents, where high salivary glucose levels were associated with an increase in acidogenic microorganisms in diabetic saliva and an increased risk of caries [ 11 ].…”

Oral Dysbiosis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Correlations and Potential Causations

“…Oral dysbiosis has also been purported to be linked with other diseases apart from those of the brain, including cancers [ 96 ], bacterial endocarditis [ 9 , 96 , 97 , 98 ], aspiration pneumonia [ 99 ], diabetes [ 100 ], noma [ 101 ], cardiovascular disease [ 102 ], and adverse outcomes with pregnancies [ 103 , 104 ]. As many of these diseases have an inflammatory connection, it is possible that there may be common pro-inflammatory pathways involved with these diseases as well as with neurodegenerative diseases.…”