Characterization of Natural Resin Films and Identification of Ancient Coating

Niimura, Noriyasu; Miyakoshi, Tetsuo

doi:10.5702/massspec.51.439

Cited by 50 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This corresponds well with the identification of laccolbased lacquer in a group of eighteenth-and nineteenth-century Cantonese objects in Portuguese Royal Collections (Petisca et al, 2011). Although T. succedaneum is traditionally associated with Vietnamese and Taiwanese lacquers (Nimura & Miyakoshi, 2003), much Chinese export lacquer was produced in the south of China, near regions where this tree is widespread. Recent taxonomic research suggests that the range of so-called Vietnamese lacquer may extend further into southern China than was previously known, with laccol trees identified in Guangxi Province .…”

Section: Anacardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some observations on the composition of Chinese lacquer

Heginbotham

Chang

Khanjian

et al. 2016

Studies in Conservation

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This paper summarizes the various information that has been gathered in recent years at the J. Paul Getty Museum and Getty Conservation Institute with regard to the organic constituents of Chinese lacquer formulations. While this summary of materials is by no means comprehensive or complete, it captures the current state of the authors' knowledge, with the information itself and the bibliography intended to serve as a useful foundation from which further research may proceed. Considerable advances have been made in the last decade in the technique of pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation using tetramethylammonium hydroxide and in subsequent data interpretation methodologies. These have dramatically improved the sensitivity and specificity of organic analysis. Perhaps equally important, these methodologies are allowing researchers to collaborate much more effectively and to share results that are truly comparable and reproducible. As more researchers participate and collaborate, and as more results are aggregated into shared databases, significant new insights into the methods and materials of Chinese lacquer are sure to follow.

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Section: Anacardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some observations on the composition of Chinese lacquer

Heginbotham

Chang

Khanjian

et al. 2016

Studies in Conservation

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“…Phenyl catechols and phenyl phenols are unique markers in thitsi lacquer and alkyl benzenes dominate the gestalt graph. CNSL from Anacardium occidentale is a modern, less expensive substitute for traditional Asian lacquer (Niimura & Miyakoshi, 2003). The gestalt graph for CNSL lacquer is quite unique with its abundance of phenols compared to the other markers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond the basics: A systematic approach for comprehensive analysis of organic materials in Asian lacquers

Schilling

Heginbotham

Keulen

et al. 2016

Studies in Conservation

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Identification of organic materials in Asian lacquers presents many challenges due to their complex formulations and the limited solubility of the main component, which is catechol-rich sap from three species of Anacardiaceae trees that crosslinks to form a hard film. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (THM-Py-GC-MS) has been shown to produce a wide range of marker compounds useful for identifying the catechol components and lacquer additives such as drying oils, natural resins, proteins, starch, and colorants. However, interpreting the test results is quite challenging because of the sheer number of compounds produced by pyrolysis and the wide range of materials that have been used in traditional Asian lacquer formulations. An expert system developed by scientists at the Getty Conservation Institute and conservators at the J. Paul Getty Museum for a workshop entitled 'Recent Advances In Characterizing Asian Lacquers' (RAdICAL) utilizes software tools to overcome challenges in data analysis and marker compound interpretation, making it possible for even relative newcomers to Py-GC-MS to identify materials in lacquered objects systematically. Automated Mass spectral Deconvolution and Identification System (AMDIS), a freeware program developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), systematizes GC-MS data analysis by rapidly deconvoluting chromatograms, identifying individual peaks, and then searching the results against a user library of marker compounds, producing a simple report that lists the names, retention indices, and peak areas for all the compounds identified in the sample. The authors have produced a custom RAdICAL compound library, compiled from in-house studies of reference samples made from mixtures of raw or processed lacquer mixed with additives, and supplemented by published work from other researchers. The lists include numerous oxidation products of the alkyl-and alkenyl-substituted catechols, and alkyl-and alkenyl-substituted benzenes in the tree saps identified in studies of aged lacquer replicas, many of which have diagnostic purposes. A specialized Excel workbook developed for RAdICAL can import the AMDIS report, organize the marker compound results by class of artists' materials, and perform automatic calculations to display sorted information for each material in specialized diagnostic graphs. Expert knowledge relating raw materials to their associated marker compounds, obtained from in-house research, publications and personal communications has been embedded into the individual Excel worksheets. This aids users of the workbook in verifying the presence or absence of materials in their lacquer samples, based on the marker compound distributions. All of the final results are presented in a pre-formatted comprehensive analytical report. Extensive lists of analytical data for marker compounds from the major classes of organic additives used in Asian lacquer formulations p...

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“…Urushiol and laccol both play main roles in lacquer sap and lacquer film under catalysis by Rhus laccases. Thus, in this study, a simple method using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) [16,17] was established to distinguish sap of Donglan (as shown in Fig. 1) trees from those of other species and compared with conventional methods in order to verify these results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%