Characterization of fermented broccoli (Brassica oleraceaL.) and spinach (Amaranthussp.) produced using microfiltration membrane as folic acid source for smart food formula

Abstract

Abstract. Purifying and drying both fermented biomasses of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) and spinach (Amaranthus sp.) by Kombucha culture has been conducted to recover concentrate and powder of folic acid. The aims of this study is to determine the differences of particles characteristics and compositions of concentrate and powder from both mentioned folic acid source through Micro Filtration (MF) membrane and without MF membrane. The best folic acid produced by MF membrane process (room temperature, stirrer rotation speed 400 rpm, pressure 40 psia and 30 minutes) and drying (30 °C, 22 cm Hg and 24 hours) were resulted in biomass of the concentrate and powder with compositions of total solids 6.29 % and 96.91 %, total polyphenol 0.25 % and 0.06 %, folic acid 58.8 μg/mL and 54.33 μg/mL, reducing sugar 105.34 mg/mL and 441.39 mg/mL, and total acids 0.57 % and 2.33 %, respectively. In optimum condition, fermented spinach concentrate contributed to particles distribution with diameter size (Ø) between 0,4 and 100 μm (75.45 %), and with Ø between 100 and 1000 μm (26.3 %), otherwise, the process without MF membrane was resulted the particles distribution respectively 74.1 % and 25.9% by each interval of Ø.

Potency of Stirred Microfiltration Cell in Separation of Fermented Beans as Protein Isolate for Natural Source of Folic Acid

“…The purification process of tempeh suspension through 0.15 μm MF membrane fitted in SMFC gave various separation of folic acid for each kind of tempeh. The particle size of folic acid predicted between 0.008-0.1 μm [4] or 0.001-0.1 μm [14] should pass more much folic acid in permeate. On the other hand, at a condition is occurred 'fouling', namely a phenomenon in which the membrane interacts or absorbs components in the feed fluid [3], generating in a drop in membrane performance (declining of the flux and/or raise in rejection of components).…”

“…The purification process of tempeh extract through 0.15 µm MF membrane produced successfully separation of N-amino for each tempeh type. Particles size of amino acids ranging 0.01-0.1 μm [14] will pass freely in permeate as a result of purification process of tempeh extract through 0.15 µm MF membrane, however, particles of amino acids were possibility retained on the membrane surface due to fouling during the process [5]. Based on recovery of N-amino, SMFC mode was able to raise N-amino in retentates of soybeans tempeh (114.81% or 1.1 folds), mung beans tempeh (150 % or 1.5 folds) and kidney beans tempeh (133 % or 1.33 folds) when compared to N-amino for feeds of soybeans (3.78 %), mung beans (2.24%) and kidney beans (0.42 %).…”

“…Dissolved protein is soluble peptides in water produced from the fermentation process of initial material involving natural enzymatic reactions, in which folic acid is possibility linked by PABA and pteridine. Dissolved peptides have a particle size ranging 0.01-0.1 µm [14] so that they enter much more in permeate, except occurrence fouling. Based on recovery of N-amino, 0.15 µm MF membrane fitted in SMFC method was able to raise dissolved protein in retentates of soybeans tempeh (101.28% or 1.1 folds), mung beans tempeh (45% or 0.45 folds), and kidney beans tempeh (94.73% or 0.95 folds), respectively when compared to dissolved protein in feeds of soybeans tempeh (0.78%), mung beans tempeh (0.34%), and kidney beans tempeh (0.76%), respectively.…”

Recovery of Fermented Spinach (<i>Amaranthus</i> sp.) Concentrate Through Ultrafiltration Membrane Process as Source of Folic Acid for Smart Food Formula

“…Stirred Ultrafiltration Cell (SUFC) operates based on difference in molecular weight (MW) [7], in which larger MW components than pore size of membrane will be retained as retentate. On the other hand, smaller MW components or smaller particle size than pore size of membrane will freely pass through membrane as permeate [8][9]. By using UF membrane (100,000 MWCO) fitted in SUFC mode, folic acid MW (441 Da.)…”