Characterization of Culex Flavivirus (Flaviviridae) strains isolated from mosquitoes in the United States and Trinidad

Kim, Dal–Young; Guzmán, Hilda; Bueno, Rudy; Dennett, James A.; Auguste, Albert J.; Carrington, Christine V. F.; Popov, Vsevolod L.; Weaver, Scott C.; Beasley, David W.C.; Tesh, Robert B.

doi:10.1016/j.virol.2008.12.034

Cited by 97 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Specific examples of this phenomenon have been documented in cell culture not only with flaviviruses (Randolph and Hardy 1988, Sundin and Beaty 1988, Burivong et al 2004, Pepin et al 2008), but also with other arboviruses of the genera Alphavirus (Karpf et al 1997), Orbivirus (Ramig et al 1989), and Vesiculovirus (Legault et al 1977, Whitaker-Dowling et al 1983). Such observations have led to the proposition that superinfection exclusion may be a generalized phenomenon that occurs broadly across the genus Flavivirus (Farfan-Ale et al , Kim et al 2009), but evidence from the laboratory has been equivocal. For example, Vero cells infected with St. Louis encephalitis virus can be super-infected with two related flaviviruses, Japanese encephalitis virus and Yellow fever virus (Randolph and Hardy 1988), although not with the same strain of St. Louis encephalitis virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CxFV was first isolated from Culex pipiens Linnaeus mosquitoes in Japan (Hoshino et al 2007) but appears to have a global distribution, with additional variants identified in other Culex species and subspecies from Mexico, Uganda, Trinidad, and the United States (Morales-Betoulle et al 2008, Blitvich et al 2009, Cook et al 2009, Farfan-Ale et al 2009, Kim et al 2009). The insect-specific designation of CxFV derives from the observation that it has been cultured in the laboratory only in mosquito cell lines and, additionally, that it has been identified in many natural populations of Culex mosquitoes (Hoshino et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Culex Flavivirus and West Nile Virus Mosquito Coinfection and Positive Ecological Association in Chicago, United States

Newman

Cerutti

Anderson

et al. 2011

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

111

104

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Culex flavivirus (CxFV) is an insect-specific flavivirus globally distributed in mosquitoes of the genus Culex. CxFV was positively associated with West Nile virus (WNV) infection in a case-control study of 268 mosquito pools from an endemic focus of WNV transmission in Chicago, United States. Specifically, WNV-positive Culex mosquito pools were four times more likely also to be infected with CxFV than were spatiotemporally matched WNV-negative pools. In addition, mosquito pools from residential sites characterized by dense housing and impermeable surfaces were more likely to be infected with CxFV than were pools from nearby urban green spaces. Further, 6/15 (40%) WNV-positive individual mosquitoes were also CxFV positive, demonstrating that both viruses can coinfect mosquitoes in nature. Phylogenetic analysis of CxFV from Chicago demonstrated a pattern similar to WNV, consisting of low global viral diversity and lack of geographic clustering. These results illustrate a positive ecological association between CxFV and WNV, and that coinfection of individual mosquitoes can occur naturally in areas of high flaviviral transmission. These conclusions represent a challenge to the hypothesis of super-infection exclusion in the CxFV/WNV system, whereby an established infection with one virus may interfere with secondary viral infection with a similar virus. This study suggests that infection with insect-specific flaviviruses such as CxFV may not exclude secondary infection with genetically distinct flaviviruses such as WNV, and that both viruses can naturally coinfect mosquitoes that are epidemic bridge vectors of WNV to humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Culex Flavivirus and West Nile Virus Mosquito Coinfection and Positive Ecological Association in Chicago, United States

Newman

Cerutti

Anderson

et al. 2011

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

111

104

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…RNA extractions of C6/36 cell culture medium for passages one to three were negative by RT-PCR using virus-specific primers, but after the fourth passage, they were positive. Spot slides of CxFVand CLBOV-infected C6/36 cells were tested by IFA with JE, SLE, and WNV antibodies based on a previous report, 14 but antigens were undetectable. IFA using virus-specific antibodies for CxFV and CLBOV produced positive results, confirming C6/36 cell infections.…”

Section: Discovery Of Insect-specific Flaviviruses Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…mosquitoes 5 and has since been described in Culex spp. mosquitoes from Guatemala, 12 Mexico, 13 Trinidad, 14 Texas, 14 Iowa, 15 and Uganda. 10 Quang Binh virus was isolated from Cx.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insect-Specific Flaviviruses from Culex Mosquitoes in Colorado, with Evidence of Vertical Transmission

Bolling¹,

Eisen²,

Moore³

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

114

103

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Mosquitoes were collected in Colorado during 2006 and 2007 to examine spatial and seasonal patterns of risk for exposure to Culex vectors and West Nile virus. We used universal flavivirus primers to test pools of Culex mosquitoes for viral RNA. This led to the detection and subsequent isolation of two insect-specific flaviviruses: Culex flavivirus (CxFV), which was first described from Japan, and a novel insect flavivirus, designated Calbertado virus (CLBOV), which has also been detected in California and Canada. We recorded both viruses in Cx. tarsalis and Cx. pipiens from Colorado. Furthermore, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed the presence of CxFV RNA in Cx. pipiens eggs and larvae from a laboratory colony established in 2005 and naturally infected with CxFV, suggesting vertical transmission as a means of viral maintenance in natural Culex populations. Finally, we present phylogenetic analyses of the relationships between insect-specific flaviviruses and other selected flaviviruses.

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“…It was the first ''insect flavivirus'' (e.g viruses that propagate only in mosquito cells but not in mammalian cells) discovered. To date, six other ''insect flaviviruses'' have been described: Kamiti River virus (KRV), isolated from field collected Aedes macintoshi in Africa in 2003 (Crabtree et al 2003); Culex Flavivirus (CxFV), isolated mainly from Culex mosquitoes in Japan, Indonesia (Hoshino et al 2007), Guatemala (Morales-Betoulle et al 2008), México (Farfan-Ale et al 2009), United States, Trinidad (Kim et al 2009), and Uganda (Cook et al 2009); Aedes Flavivirus (AEFV), isolated from Aedes albopictus mosquito in Japan (Hoshino et al 2009); Quang Binh virus (QBV) isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Vietnam (Crabtree et al 2009); Nakiwogo virus (NAKV) isolated from Mansonia africana nigerrima in Uganda (Cook et al 2009); and Calbertado virus detected mainly in Cx. tarsalis mosquitoes in Canada (Pabbaraju et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Flaviviruses Detected in Different Species of Mosquitoes in Spain

Vázquez

Sánchez-Seco

Palacios

et al. 2012

Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases

109

121

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We report the characterization of three novel flaviviruses isolated in Spain. Marisma Mosquito virus, a novel mosquito borne virus, was isolated from Ochlerotatus caspius mosquitoes; Spanish Ochlerotatus flavivirus and Spanish Culex flavivirus, two novel insect flaviviruses, were isolated from Oc. caspius and Culex pipiens, respectively. During this investigation, we designed a sensitive RT-nested polymerase chain reaction method that amplifies a 1019bp fragment of the flavivirus NS5 gene and could be directly used in clinical or environmental samples for flavivirus characterization and surveillance. Analysis of the sequence generated from that amplicon contains enough phylogenetic information for proper taxonomic studies. Moreover, the use of this tool allowed the detection of additional flavivirus DNA forms in Culex, Culiseta, and Ochlerotatus mosquitoes.

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Characterization of Culex Flavivirus (Flaviviridae) strains isolated from mosquitoes in the United States and Trinidad

Cited by 97 publications

References 21 publications

Culex Flavivirus and West Nile Virus Mosquito Coinfection and Positive Ecological Association in Chicago, United States

Culex Flavivirus and West Nile Virus Mosquito Coinfection and Positive Ecological Association in Chicago, United States

Insect-Specific Flaviviruses from Culex Mosquitoes in Colorado, with Evidence of Vertical Transmission

Novel Flaviviruses Detected in Different Species of Mosquitoes in Spain

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