Characterization of chemically tritiated microcystin-LR and its distribution in mice

Robinson, Nancy; Miura, George A.; Matson, Charles F.; Dinterman, Richard E.; Pace, J.

doi:10.1016/0041-0101(89)90154-2

Cited by 93 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…clearly confirmed that a faster rate of MCs accumulation with higher proportion was observed in the liver of mice than that of fish (Brooks and Codd 1987;Williams et al 1995). Besides, fish manifested a significantly lower whole body reservation of radioactive materials than mice (Robinson 1990;Williams et al 1997). These results suggest that the tissue distribution and clearance rates of MCs in fish may substantially different from those in mammals.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Why mammals more susceptible to the hepatotoxic microcystins than fish: evidences from plasma and albumin protein binding through equilibrium dialysis

Zhang

Gao

et al. 2013

Ecotoxicology

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To elucidate the interspecies variation of susceptibility to microcystins (MCs), fresh plasma and purified albumin from six kinds of mammals and fish were used in toxins-substances binding test. Protein contents in the test plasma were analyzed and the binding characteristics to MCs were compared. Two kinds of widely observed MCs, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and microcystin-RR (MC-RR) were tested and data were collected through the method of equilibrium dialysis. It was found that total plasma protein and albumin content in mammals were nearly two times and four times higher than that in fish, respectively. In the test range of 0-100 lg/mL, binding rates of fish plasma to MCs were considered significant lower (p \ 0.01) than that of mammals. And human plasma demonstrated the highest binding rate in mammals. In all the test species, plasma protein binding rates of MC-RR were significantly higher than MC-LR (p \ 0.01). Besides, binding profiles of albumin were acquired under the protein content of 0.67 mg/mL. Human serum albumin demonstrated the highest affinity to MCs throughout the six species and differences among the other five species were considered not significant (p [ 0.05). From the view of protein binding, it is concluded that both the variation of plasma protein composition and albumin binding characteristic could influence the existing form of MCs in circulation, change MCs utilization, alter MCs half-life and further contribute to the difference of susceptibility between mammals and fish.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 71%

Why mammals more susceptible to the hepatotoxic microcystins than fish: evidences from plasma and albumin protein binding through equilibrium dialysis

Zhang

Gao

et al. 2013

Ecotoxicology

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“…treatment with MC contaminated dialysis water (Azevedo et al 2002;Fischer et al 2005;Jochimsen et al 1998;Pouria et al 1998), and for nephrotoxicity, as indicated by several animal experiments (Bhattacharya et al 1997;Fischer and Dietrich 2000;Khan et al Chapter 39: Toxin mixture in cyanobacterial blooms -a critical comparison of reality with current procedures employed in human health risk assessment 13 1996; Milutinovic et al 2002;Milutinovic et al 2003;Moreno et al 2005;Stotts et al 1997). Studies on organ distribution support these findings and suggest that, beside liver and kidney, the brain and the lungs (Picanco et al 2004) can also be affected to a varying extent Meriluoto et al 1990;Pace et al 1990;Robinson et al 1989;Robinson et al 1991;Stotts et al 1997).…”

Section: Human Health Risk Assessment Single Vs Multiple Compounds: supporting

confidence: 60%

Toxin mixture in cyanobacterial blooms – a critical comparison of reality with current procedures employed in human health risk assessment

Dietrich¹,

Fischer²,

Michel³

et al.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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Cyanobacteria are the oldest life forms on earth known to produce a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites. The functions/advantages of most of these secondary metabolites (peptides and alkaloids) are unknown, however, some of them have adverse effects in humans and wildlife, especially when ingested, inhaled or upon dermal exposure. Surprisingly, some of these cyanobacteria are ingested voluntarily. Indeed, for centuries mankind has used cyanobacteria as a protein source, primarily Spirulina species. However, recently also Aphanizomenon flos-aquae are used for the production of so called blue green algae supplements (BGAS), supposedly efficacious for treatment of various diseases and afflictions. Unfortunately, traces of neurotoxins and protein phosphatases (inhibiting compounds) have been detected in BGAS, making these health supplements a good example for human exposure to a mixture of cyanobacterial toxins in a complex matrix. The discussion of this and other possible exposure scenarios, e.g. drinking water, contact during recreational activity, or consumption of contaminated food, can provide insight into the question of whether or not our current risk assessment schemes for cyanobacterial blooms and the toxins contained therein suffice for protection of human health. Cyanobacterial metabolites: Health hazards for humans?Cyanobacteria exist worldwide ubiquitously, including in extreme environments (Hitzfeld et al.

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“…The most widely studied microcystin is microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in which the variable l-amino acids are leucine and arginine. MC-LR is a potent hepatotoxin, and its median lethal dose is approximately 75 mg/kg ip in mice (Robinson et al, 1989). After ingestion, MC-LR is readily taken up by bile acid carrier proteins and transported to liver (Eriksson et al, 1990;Runnegar et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The toxicology of MC-LR in mice and rats has been well studied (Trogen et al, 1996;Robinson et al, 1989;Rudolph-Bohner et al, 1994;Runnegar et al, 1993;Runnegar et al, 1999), but little is known about its developmental toxicity in aquatic animals. Observed effects on ®sh are somewhat inconsistent, and there is little information about the effects on ®sh eggs (Oberemn et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The toxic effects of microcystin-LR on embryo-larval and juvenile development of loach, Misguruns mizolepis Gunthe

Liu

Song

et al. 2002

Toxicon

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Characterization of chemically tritiated microcystin-LR and its distribution in mice

Cited by 93 publications

References 10 publications

Why mammals more susceptible to the hepatotoxic microcystins than fish: evidences from plasma and albumin protein binding through equilibrium dialysis

Why mammals more susceptible to the hepatotoxic microcystins than fish: evidences from plasma and albumin protein binding through equilibrium dialysis

Toxin mixture in cyanobacterial blooms – a critical comparison of reality with current procedures employed in human health risk assessment

The toxic effects of microcystin-LR on embryo-larval and juvenile development of loach, Misguruns mizolepis Gunthe

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