Characterization of Beeswax, Candelilla Wax and Paraffin Wax for Coating Cheeses

Abstract

A study on the physical and mechanical properties of beeswax (BW), candelilla wax (CW), paraffin wax (PW) and blends was carried out with the aim to evaluate their usefulness as coatings for cheeses. Waxes were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), permeability, viscosity, flexural and tensile tests and scanning electron microscopy. Cheeses were coated with the waxes and stored for 5 weeks at 30 °C. Measured parameters were weight, moisture, occurrence and degree of fractures, and dimensional changes. The crystal phases identified by XRD for the three waxes allowed them to determine the length of alkanes and the nonlinear compounds in crystallizable forms in waxes. FTIR spectra showed absorption bands between 1800 and 800 cm−1 related to carbonyls in BW and CW. In DSC, the onset of melting temperature was 45.5 °C for BW, and >54 °C for CW and PW. Cheeses coated with BW did not show cracks after storage. Cheeses coated with CW and PW showed microcraks, and lost weight, moisture and shrunk. In the flexural and tensile tests, BW was ductile; CW and PW were brittle. BW blends with CW or PW displays a semi ductile behavior. Cheeses coated with BW blends lost less than 5% weight during storage. The best waxes were BW and the blends.

Composite Material of PDMS with Interchangeable Transmittance: Study of Optical, Mechanical Properties and Wettability

“…The values expected from pure elastomer are around 5 MPa [24]. Pure beeswax and paraffin have a maximum stress of around 0.75 and 3.25 MPa, respectively [53]. The standard deviation related to the maximum stress of the pure elastomer samples was equivalent to approximately 10% of the obtained value, which corresponds to a deviation equivalent to the ones reported in the literature [24].…”

“…The values expected from pure elastomer are around 5 MPa [24]. Pure beeswax and paraffin have a maximum stress of around 0.75 and 3.25 MPa, respectively [53].…”

Lipidic Matrixes Containing Clove Essential Oil: Biological Activity, Microstructural and Textural Studies

“…They also showed absorption bands at 2920 (CH 2 asymmetric stretching), 2850 (CH 2 symmetric stretching), 1465 (CH 2 scissor deformation) and 724 cm −1 (CH 2 rocking mode) corresponding to hydrocarbons, especially for ozokerite wax. These are attributed to ceresin, which is the major component of ozokerite wax [ 41 ]. The signals related to the ester and free fatty acids vibrations at 1738 (monoesters), 1702 (free fatty acids) and 1170 cm −1 (C=O stretching and CH bending) were present in beeswax, carnauba wax and candelilla wax, but absent in ozokerite wax [ 42 ].…”

Interferences of Waxes on Enzymatic Saccharification and Ethanol Production from Lignocellulose Biomass

“…Another major peak at 2850 cm −1 was attributed to the strong stretching of the CH2 (symmetric) bonds found in the hydrocarbons [ 35 ] and aliphatic compounds (alkanes) in waxes [ 29 ]. The peak at 1710 cm −1 , which corresponds to the strong stretching of C=O bonds in acid or aldehyde carbonyl compounds (conjugated) [ 36 ], and that at 1460 cm −1 , which corresponds to C–H bending or scissoring long-chain alkanes [ 37 ], were observed with high intensities in the RS and SB waxes but with low intensity in NG. Likewise, the transmittance band observed for the RS and SB waxes at 729 cm −1 was attributed to the CH2 bending vibration [ 38 ].…”