Lipidic Matrixes Containing Clove Essential Oil: Biological Activity, Microstructural and Textural Studies

Abstract

Clove essential oil (CEO) is known for having excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, but the poor stability of its components to light and temperature compromise this activity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the textural, antioxidant, antimicrobial and microstructural properties of matrixes produced with representative natural waxes and CEO. Thus, waxy emulsifiers, such as beeswax, candelilla wax, carnauba wax, and ozokerite wax, were employed to create such matrixes. The thermal, microstructural, textural, wetting, antioxidant, antimicrobial and infrared characteristics of the matrixes were then studied. The diverse chemical composition (long-chain wax esters in carnauba wax and short-chain fatty acids and hydrocarbons in beeswax and ozokerite wax, respectively) explained the differences in wetting, texture, melting, and crystallization characteristics. Crystal forms of these matrix systems varied from grainy, oval, to needle-like shape, but keeping an orthorhombic allomorph. The alignment and reorganization of beeswax and ozokerite wax into needle-like crystals increased the matrix strength and adhesion force compared to those of carnauba and candelilla matrixes, which showed weak strength and grainy morphology. The former two waxes and their matrixes also showed the largest plasticity. These lipidic matrixes show potential use for topical applications having acceptable antioxidant and textural properties.

Variations in Microstructural and Physicochemical Properties of Candelilla Wax/Rice Bran Oil–Derived Oleogels Using Sunflower Lecithin and Soya Lecithin

“…This might be due to the loose molecular packing in SFL-containing samples. This may further suggest these samples’ good spreadability, which can be confirmed in the mechanical study [ 40 ]. The addition of SYL in Sy1 also resulted in the early onset of secondary crystallization (604 s) than that of the control.…”

“…The appearance of smaller grainy structures is attributed to the interaction between the minor components, such as n-alkanes and nonacosane of CW, with hentriacontane (major alkane). The co-crystallization of hydrocarbons with a fraction of wax esters during the crystallization process can be reasoned for the appearance of such grainy structures [ 40 ]. Upon the addition of SFL in Sf1, the overall brightness of the micrograph was reduced significantly.…”

“…The T m1 was attributed to the melting of fatty acids and fatty alcohols. However, the higher T m2 corresponds to hydrocarbons and wax esters of CW, which are mid-melting point compounds [ 40 ]. The T m at ~40 °C is attributed to the monoclinic to the rotator phase transition of hydrocarbon crystals [ 58 ].…”

Towards a Bioactive Food Packaging: Poly(Lactic Acid) Surface Functionalized by Chitosan Coating Embedding Clove and Argan Oils

“…Clove essential oil selection for this study laid also on its general recognized efficient antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties [ 45 ] and on our previous findings on its intense antioxidant and antimicrobial activity [ 41 ]. Among cold pressed vegetal oils, argan was selected in addition to IC50 values for its good stability [ 46 ], high content (above 600 mg/kg) of tocopherols powerful antioxidants [ 47 ] and largely accepted general benefits.…”

Application of Vegetal Oils in Developing Bioactive Paper-Based Materials for Food Packaging

“…The variation in the surface modification corresponds with the composition of plant oils. In case of clove essential oil the main compounds are eugenol (~86%), eugenol acetate (~8%), and β-caryophyllene (~4.5%) [46], while rosehip seeds vegetal oil consists mainly in unsaturated fatty acids: linoleic acid (~54%), α-linolenic acid (~22%) and oleic acid (~19%) [47].…”