Characterization of Anthocyanins from Ajuga pyramidalis Metallica Crispa Cell Cultures

Abstract

The anthocyanins from Ajuga pyramidalis Metallica Crispa cell cultures were characterized by a combination of HPLC, chemical hydrolysis, MS, and 1H NMR. Chromatographic analysis of the in vivo and in vitro samples showed the same suite of anthocyanins and relative composition. Chemical hydrolysis and mass spectral analysis of the major pigment from suspension cultures showed the presence of cyanidin, three glucoses, two ferulic acids, and malonic acid. The structure of the major pigment in the suspension cultures was determined to be 3-O-(6-O(E)-ferulyl)-2-O-[(6-O(E)-ferulyl)-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl]-5-O-(6-O-malonyl)-β-d-glucopyranosylcyanidin. The anthocyanins in the in vitro extract were more stable toward light compared to those in the in vivo extract. The initial degradation of the major pigment both from in vitro and in vivo sources was mainly due to demalonylation. Keywords: Ajuga; anthocyanins; cell culture; stability-anthocyanins

Ferulic acid: pharmaceutical functions, preparation and applications in foods

“…In contrast to the plant cultures mentioned above, cell cultures of Ajuga pyramidalis accumulated free ferulic acid64 and also conjugated to anthocyanins65 up to 150 mg l −1 cell culture on the twelfth day. With the increasing demand for natural ingredients, production of ferulic acid by plant cell culture will become a prospective pathway.…”

Anthocyanins and other flavonoids

“…279 Trypanocidal activity has been found in the simple 5,4 -dihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone. This flavanone at a concentration of 500 µg ml 1 gives a 100% kill rate on the protozoan parasite responsible for Chagas' disease. 288 This compares with gentian violet, a drug in present use, which produces a 50% kill at 31 µg ml 1 .…”

“…15 They are apparently difficult to distinguish since they are identical on HPLC. 15 Determination of the position of acetylation depends on 2D 1 H NMR, 1 H TOCSY and HMBC experiments. 15 Acetylated 3,5-diglucosides of other anthocyanins have also been recorded recently in the flowers of Pelargonium 28 and Verbena.…”

Differential expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in Daucus carota callus culture in response to ammonium and potassium nitrate ratio in the culture medium

“…In addition, medium constituents such as MS salt strength, sucrose (Hiratsuka et al 2001), nitrogen (Irshad et al 2018), phosphate (Saad et al 2018) and plant growth hormone (Jamwal et al 2018) in the culture medium is known to be influence the anthocyanin accumulation. In vitro produced anthocyanin exhibits better stability than that of the anthocyanin from in vivo extracts (Madhavi et al 1996). Therefore, optimization of the medium constituents is crucial for improving the commercial production of anthocyanin.…”