Characterization of a silicon nitride ceramic material for ceramic springs

Khader, Iyas; Koplin, Christof; Schröder, Christian; Stockmann, J.; Beckert, W.; Kunz, Willy; Kailer, Andreas

doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.03.046

Cited by 30 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…4 A combination of cutting spring coils into the green or partially sintered hollow cylinder and fine grinding of the coil surfaces after dense sintering is often used. 1,10,11 Time-consuming and costly hard machining of sintered cylinders or springs is unavoidable when springs with tight dimensional tolerances and good surface quality are required. Hard machining allows for various spring designs with respect to inner and outer diameter, spring length, pitch, and coil spacing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The literature reports the realization of springs from numerous structural ceramics. In addition to highstrength oxide materials, such as alumina, 5,[12][13][14] alumina toughened zirconia (ATZ), 11 zirconia toughened alumina, 15 tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (TZP), 12 and partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ), 4,11 the spectrum of materials also includes silicon nitride 2,10,11 and graphite. 7 Great potential is seen for springs made of ceramic composites such as C/SiC 16 and multi-composites containing mullite, SiC particles, and SiC whiskers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Manufacturing and deformation behavior of alumina and zirconia helical springs at room temperature

2023

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Ceramic helical springs with identical dimensions were produced by hard machining from alumina, alumina toughened zirconia (ATZ), and tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (TZP) stabilized with different oxides. According to the results of the spring constant determination under deformation rates of 3 mm/min, the deformation behavior of all ceramic springs obeys to Hook's law. However, variation of the deformation rate, tests under constant load, and spring recovery behavior revealed differences in the deformation behavior of alumina, TZP, and ATZ springs. Alumina springs exhibited time-independent deformation in all tests. In contrast, anelastic deformation at room temperature was demonstrated in all springs containing TZP. This deformation is completely reversible over a period of several days. Anelastic behavior is particularly pronounced in Y-TZP springs, whereas Ce-TZP springs exhibit comparatively very low but still reliably detectable anelasticity. Oxygen vacancies in the TZP ceramic are considered the most likely explanation for the anelastic behavior of TZP springs at room temperature.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manufacturing and deformation behavior of alumina and zirconia helical springs at room temperature

2023

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“…As an alternative to analytical approaches, disc springs have been modelled using FE simulations [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 8 , 10 , 13 , 30 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ]. FE simulations are computationally more expensive than analytical approaches.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Method for the Calculation of Characteristics of Disc Springs with Trapezoidal Cross-Sections and Rounded Edges

et al. 2022

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In the European standards specifying disc spring manufacturing, geometry, shape and characteristic, an edge rounding is prescribed. Common methods for the calculation of disc spring characteristics, even in these standards, are based on a rectangular cross-section. This discrepancy can lead to a considerable divergence of the computed characteristic from the characteristic determined by testing. In literature, this divergence has not yet been examined with regard to rounded edges. In this paper, a new method addressing this problem is introduced. For this purpose, the geometry of idealized disc springs is parameterized. Based on four edge radii and two angles of the inner and outer faces, equations to compute the initial cone angle and the lever arm are introduced. These equations are used to formulate an algorithm to adapt other computation methods to non-rectangular cross-sections and rounded edges. The method is applied to the formulas by Almen–Laszlo, Curti–Orlando, Zheng and those by Kobelev. FE simulations of disc springs with rounded edges and a non-rectangular cross-section were used to verify the new formulas. The results show that the introduced method can be applied to known characteristic computation methods and result in a model expansion taking cross-section variations into account. The adjusted characteristics show more accurate alignment to the FE simulation for the cross-section variations investigated. These findings not only close the geometric gap between the manufacturing guidelines and the computation on an analytical basis, they also define a new parameter space for designs of disc springs and a corresponding force computation method to optimize spring characteristics.

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“…Monolithic Si 3 N 4 has been shown to fail via fast-fracture when stressed in tension or mixed-mode loading. 1 The catastrophic failure mechanism has persisted even though its toughness has been increased by evolution of an elongated beta phase during processing via seeding, 2 optimization of the sintering process 2 or by designing the chemistry of the amorphous intergranular phase created by the sintering aids. 3 Ceramic materials have demonstrated improved damage tolerance and graceful failure behavior by being formed into laminate composite structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the damage tolerance of Si₃N₄ by forming laminate composites with refractory metals

Mitchell

Mecholsky

2022

Journal of Composite Materials

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The objective of this research was to demonstrate that the damage tolerance of Si3N4 could be significantly improved by forming laminate composites with refractory metals, providing materials that undergo graceful failure, rather than the fast-fracture mechanism exhibited by monolithic Si3N4. A damage tolerant Si3N4 could be used as a ring material in an all-ceramic bearing, decreasing the chance for catastrophic failure if the ring is stressed in tension during operation. The technical approach formed a laminate composite material using alternating Si3N4-metallic layers, with both outer layers being Si3N4 to take advantage of its greater wear resistance, chemical stability, and thermal stability. The metallic layers are designed to arrest any cracks in the outer layers, thus producing a toughened Si3N4 and avoiding the catastrophic failure behavior exhibited by monolithic ceramics. The laminate composites were fabricated using a combination of tape-casting Si3N4 and metals from slurries, as well as metal foils, followed by hot pressing at 1500°C. The metallic materials employed were chromium, titanium, and tantalum. Analysis confirmed that the interfaces were well formed, and the laminates with chromium and titanium formed intermetallic compounds more readily than the composites with tantalum. The Si3N4-Ta laminates demonstrated crack deflection and bridging behavior during failure and flexural strength of 800–900 MPa. The hardness and elastic modulus of Si3N4-Ta laminates measured by nanoindentation were similar to those reported in literature. The hardness across the interface of the Si3N4-Ta composite varied according to the composition of the interface, which displayed a profile indicative of a diffusion bond.

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Characterization of a silicon nitride ceramic material for ceramic springs

Cited by 30 publications

References 58 publications

Manufacturing and deformation behavior of alumina and zirconia helical springs at room temperature

Manufacturing and deformation behavior of alumina and zirconia helical springs at room temperature

A New Method for the Calculation of Characteristics of Disc Springs with Trapezoidal Cross-Sections and Rounded Edges

Improving the damage tolerance of Si₃N₄ by forming laminate composites with refractory metals

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Characterization of a silicon nitride ceramic material for ceramic springs

Cited by 30 publications

References 58 publications

Manufacturing and deformation behavior of alumina and zirconia helical springs at room temperature

Manufacturing and deformation behavior of alumina and zirconia helical springs at room temperature

A New Method for the Calculation of Characteristics of Disc Springs with Trapezoidal Cross-Sections and Rounded Edges

Improving the damage tolerance of Si3N4 by forming laminate composites with refractory metals

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Improving the damage tolerance of Si₃N₄ by forming laminate composites with refractory metals