Characterization and Source of Sedimentary Rocks of the Alexandria Lighthouse Archaeological Objects, Egypt

Akarish, Adel I. M.; Dessandier, David

doi:10.3923/jas.2011.2513.2524

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The 2nd type of stone (Sandy dolostone) used in the fortress foundation is ne grains of quartz cemented by dolomitic cement. According to [52], it is characterized by the yellowish to brownish colors and the presence of (30-70% Ca content) and (60-70 to 20-30% Qz content measured 60-120 µm). By comparing the different analytical data, the lithological features presented by [53] could be a rmed that this type's provenance does not belong to various limestone quarries (Mokattam, Minia, or Drunka, etc.).…”

Section: Xrd Analysis and Lithotype And Petrographic Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The environmental factors affecting the archaeological buildings in Egypt, “IV Deterioration by Synergistic Marine Effects”

El-Gohary

2023

Preprint

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This paper investigates the seismic actions that affect Qait Bey Fortress in Alexandria- Egypt. It presents the results of scientific studies and examinations to evaluate the deterioration conditions, which affected archaeological buildings in the marine environment. In Alexandria, many monumental sites and stone buildings have suffered from many aggressive factors of deterioration (mechanical, chemical, and biological), which have caused great harmful appearances and threatened to eradicate them. These effects include the chemical actions resulting from seawater and marine aerosol and mechanical actions of water waves. (Qait Bey Fortress), as a case study, was periodically investigated by many scientific techniques through 5 years to check their decay conditions and to define the most suitable conservation approaches and non-destructive methods for preservation. Different techniques and examinations were performed to evaluate the current deterioration state of the fortress. For example, XRD analysis and PM investigation were used to study the mineralogical compositions, lithotype, and petrographic characteristics of the stone samples. SEM was used to investigate the morphological features of the same samples. AAS was also used for studying the chemical constitutes of seawater samples. In addition, microbiological investigations were conducted to evaluate the colored hard crusts that affected the stone surfaces in the fortress. Our results proved that severe deterioration factors highly influenced the fortress by collaborating with chemical, mechanical and biological mechanisms. These mechanisms caused several manifestations, such as abrasion and attrition, crystallizing of salt species, mortar desegregation, pitting and minerals’ honeycomb (Alveolar), color changes, in addition to the accumulation of black and colored biogenic hard crusts.

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Section: Xrd Analysis and Lithotype And Petrographic Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The environmental factors affecting the archaeological buildings in Egypt, “IV Deterioration by Synergistic Marine Effects”

El-Gohary

2023

Preprint

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“…Quartz usually exists as a minor constituent in carbonate stones (Barnoos, Oudbashi, and Shekofteh, 2020). Gypsum and halite are considered to be the most common salts spread in the soil and geological formation of Saqqara (Akarish, and Shoeib, 2011). Indeed, salt weathering plays a destructive role in the damage of porous stones.…”

Section: Mineralogical Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been considered the only Egyptian archaeological cemetery with graves, tombs and monumental features from the beginning of the ancient Egyptian history until the Greek and Roman periods (Abdelmegeed, Khalaf, and Refaat, 2021). The plateau of Saqqara is mainly formed of thick unit rocks varying from argillaceous limestone to marl and calcareous claystone of Late Eocene Age (Akarish, and Shoeib, 2011). In December 2020, the joint archaeological excavation mission between the Supreme Council of Antiquities and Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST) started its excavation works on the eastern side of Tebbet El-Gish at Saqqara.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanolime-Based Mixtures for Treatment of Limestone Offering Table Excavated From Saqqara, Egypt: Analytical, Experimental and Applied Study

Hefni

2023

Shedet

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This paper represents an analytical, experimental and applied study of a limestone offering table, excavated from Saqqara in 2021. The studied limestone offering table was highly affected by damage associated with the burial environment such as subsurface water, salts and soiling. An analytical study was performed using a polarizing light microscope, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The experimental study in this work aims to enhance the properties of nanolime in order to be successfully used in the consolidation of the limestone offering table. To achieve the main target of the study, experimental work was carried out including colour measurement, static contact angle, compression strength and morphological investigation. The results showed that the produced nanolime mixtures possess better properties than individual nanolime. The mixture of Calosil E5 + Megaprotec (silane and siloxane-based product) was considered the optimal mixture for the consolidation of the studied object. Finally, treatment was performed using mechanical and chemical cleaning, salt extraction and consolidation.

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“…The limestone of these quarries is light-coloured, and their deposits belong to the Pleistocene Alexandria Formation. Ancient and recent quarries are observed on the Alexandria-Marsa Matrouh Road in a 21 km area [51,52].…”

Section: Geological Context and Ancient Quarries In Alexandriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Coastal Environment Impact on the Construction Materials of Anfushi’s Necropolis (Pharos’s Island) in Alexandria, Egypt

et al. 2022

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The only example and reference of Ptolemaic Alexandrian tombs, with clear integrations of Egyptian-style scenes and decorations, is considered an endangered archaeological site due to different coastal environmental risks in Alexandria and the absence of maintenance. Anfushi’s Necropolis is located near the western harbour (Island of Pharos) and dates back to the 2nd century BC. Sea level rises, earthquakes, flooding, storminess, variations in temperature, rainfall, and wind are the factors that have the largest effect on the destruction and decay of Anfushi’s Necropolis building materials. This paper’s main objectives were to characterize this necropolis’s building materials and assess its durability problems and risks regarding the coastal environment. Additionally, the vector mapping of its architectural and structural elements was applied for documentation and recording purposes for the necropolis. To achieve these aims, field (recording and photographs), desk (engineering drawing and mapping), and laboratory works (X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, binocular microscopy, polarizing microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy) were carried out. The results confirmed the probabilistic risk of sea level rises and its impact on the submergence of Anfushi’s Necropolis. The structural deficiencies of the tombs were caused by the effect of earthquake tremors along with anthropogenic factors. In addition, chemical and microscopic investigations showed that salt weathering (halite and gypsum) induced the decay of the building materials.

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Characterization and Source of Sedimentary Rocks of the Alexandria Lighthouse Archaeological Objects, Egypt

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

The environmental factors affecting the archaeological buildings in Egypt, “IV Deterioration by Synergistic Marine Effects”

The environmental factors affecting the archaeological buildings in Egypt, “IV Deterioration by Synergistic Marine Effects”

Nanolime-Based Mixtures for Treatment of Limestone Offering Table Excavated From Saqqara, Egypt: Analytical, Experimental and Applied Study

Coastal Environment Impact on the Construction Materials of Anfushi’s Necropolis (Pharos’s Island) in Alexandria, Egypt

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