Characterization and quality assessment of recycled post-consumption poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)

Masmoudi, Fatma; Fenouillot, Françoise; Mehri, Afef; Jaziri, Mohamed; Ammar, Emna

doi:10.1007/s11356-018-2390-7

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Around 72% of recycled PET is used in fibre applications [21,126]. Mechanically recycled PET suffers from yellowing discoloration but this has been shown to be nontoxic [127]. Recycled PET has a reduction in rheological, mechanical and thermal properties; the reduction significantly increases with the number of recycles (Table 10) [128].…”

Section: Mechanical Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Bioplastics: Routes and Benefits

2020

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Continual reduction of landfill space along with rising CO 2 levels and environmental pollution, are global issues that will only grow with time if not correctly addressed. The lack of proper waste management infrastructure means gloablly commodity plastics are disposed of incorrectly, leading to both an economical loss and environmental destruction. The bioaccumulation of plastics and microplastics can already be seen in marine ecosystems causing a negative impact on all organisms that live there, ultimately microplastics will bioaccumulate in humans. The opportunity exists to replace the majority of petroleum derived plastics with bioplastics (bio-based, biodegradable or both). This, in conjunction with mechanical and chemical recycling is a renewable and sustainable solution that would help mitigate climate change. This review covers the most promising biopolymers PLA, PGA, PHA and bio-versions of conventional petro-plastics bio-PET, bio-PE. The most optimal recycling routes after reuse and mechanical recycling are: alcoholysis, biodegradation, biological recycling, glycolysis and pyrolysis respectively.

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Section: Mechanical Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Bioplastics: Routes and Benefits

2020

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“…From these four, the recycling product made from PET bottles has been studied the most. The technologies to produce food-grade recycled PET from collected PET bottles have been developed [Welle, 2011] and multiple studies have been conducted on the properties that make recycled PET suitable for application in bottles and trays [Masmoudi et al 2018, Welle 2011. Additionally the relation between the presence of impurities and the properties of recycled PET have been studied [Alsewailem et al 2018, Snell et al 2017, Thoden van Velzen et al 2016, leading to the definition of concentration threshold values for impurities at which the application in PET bottles becomes undesired [Brouwer et al submitted].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A first assessment of the impact ofimpurities in PP and PE recycled plastics

Chacon

Brouwer

Velzen

et al. 2020

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Composition of the sorted products and its representativeness 6.1.2 Mechanical recycling of sorted products 6.2 Processing and analysis of rPP material 6.2.1 rPP processing 4 | Public Wageningen Food & Biobased Research-Report 2030 6.2.2 Polymer melt flow results 6.2.3 Mechanical analysis 6.2.4 Physical, chemical and thermal analysis 6.2.5 Colour characterization 6.3 Processing and analysis of rPE material 6.3.1 rPE processing 6.3.2 Polymer melt flow results 6.3.3 Mechanical analysis 6.3.4 Physical, chemical and thermal analysis 6.3.5 Colour characterization 7 Discussion 7.1 Comparison of the results with scientific literature 7.1.1 Recycled materials as blends 7.1.2 Processing 7.2 Analysing recycled plastics 7.2.1 Polymeric composition of recycled plastics 7.2.2 Melt flow properties 7.3 Properties of recycled PE and PP pellets 7.3.1 Commercial vs. high purity recycled plastics 7.3.2 Factors influencing processing and properties of rPE and rPP 7.4 Towards more circularity 7.4.1 Stricter quality control within the current recycling system 7.4.2 Enhancing applicability of existing recycled plastics 7.4.3 A new system based on advanced sorting technologies 8 Conclusion and recommendations Appendix A

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“…[33][34][35] Masmoudi et al studied whether post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) flakes could be reused for food packaging. 36 They showed that PET recycling reduces the viscosity and results in the flakes yellowing. And that it does not have any significant effect on their thermal and mechanical characteristics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of multiple extrusions of blends made of polyethylene terephthalate and an oxygen scavenger on processing and packaging-related properties

Sängerlaub

Glas

Schlemmer

et al. 2019

Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting

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We investigated the influence of multiple extrusions of poly-(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) blended with a polymer-based oxygen scavenger. PET and PET blended with an oxygen scavenger additive were extruded up to four times to polymer strands. They were chilled in a water bath and cut to granules. Between the extrusions, the granules were dried at (only) 60°C to avoid the oxygen scavenger losing its reactivity. The water content was up to 0.5 wt.-% and therefore up to factor 100 higher than the recommended water content for PET extrusion. For further analysis, films were extruded and bottles were stretch-blow-molded. Due to polymer degradation and the recycled PET blend viscosity being too low, this material had to be blended with virgin PET in order to be processable. We used 33 wt.-% recycled PET and 66 wt.-% virgin PET ratio. The impact of the thermomechanical stress by multiple extrusions was investigated by several test methods: analysis of the melt pressure in the extruder barrel during extrusion, intrinsic viscosity and melt flow rate, microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, color value measurements (L*a*b* values), tensile testing, compression testing, and oxygen absorption measurements. The intrinsic viscosity reduced after four re-extrusions in a compounder from 0.82 dl/g to 0.35 dl/g for PET with scavenger and to 0.41 dl/g for pure PET. This, even though low, difference can be explained by the slightly higher PET degradation due to the oxygen scavenger. We found slightly better mechanical properties (yield stress, Young’s modulus) for pure PET films compared to PET blended with an oxygen scavenger. At up to three extrusions, there was little influence on these properties. The extruded material with 3 wt.-% oxygen scavenger additive has an oxygen absorption capacity of 9.5 mg oxygen per 1 g of granules, i.e., the scavenger additive absorbed about 300 mg oxygen per 1 g of additive. Our results are relevant for in-house recycling processes of PET with oxygen scavenger.

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Characterization and quality assessment of recycled post-consumption poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)

Cited by 21 publications

References 29 publications

Recycling of Bioplastics: Routes and Benefits

Recycling of Bioplastics: Routes and Benefits

A first assessment of the impact ofimpurities in PP and PE recycled plastics

Influence of multiple extrusions of blends made of polyethylene terephthalate and an oxygen scavenger on processing and packaging-related properties

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