Characterization and Phytotoxicity Assessment of Essential Oils from Plant Byproducts

Abstract

The present work describes the chemical characterization and the phytotoxicity assessment of essential oils (EOs) obtained from spent materials or pruning waste of four plant species: Zingiber officinale Roscoe used in the juicing industry, Pistacia vera L. var. Bronte used in the food industry, discarded material of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L. var. Futura 75), and pruning waste from Cupressus sempervirens L. The phytochemical profile of the EOs was evaluated by gas chromatographic flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and GC-MS analyses, which highlighted the presence of several compounds with a wide range of biological activities. Among them, application possibilities in agriculture were evaluated by studying the phytotoxic activity in vitro against germination and initial radical growth of several seeds such as Raphanus sativus L., Lepidium sativum L., Lactuca sativa L., Solanum lycopersicum L., Lolium multiflorum Lam., and Portulaca oleracea L.

Grinding and Fractionation during Distillation Alter Hemp Essential Oil Profile and Its Antimicrobial Activity

“…Generally, the concentrations of this EO constituent in the present study were comparable to the ones from a previous study at the same location but other cultivars, where the concentration range of α -( E )-bergamotene in the EO was 0.36–4.4% in the registered cultivars. The concentration of this constituent in the EO was similar to a previously reported concentration (3.2%) by Smerglio et al [ 21 ], 4% by Zengin et al [ 22 ], and 04–0.6% by Fiorini et al [ 17 ].…”

“…The concentration of caryophyllene oxide, a bicyclic sesquiterpenoid, was 3.8% in the control EO, which was within the concentration ranges reported previously [ 17 , 19 , 21 , 22 , 26 ]. Its range in the EO fractions were 1.1–7.9% and n.d.–5.8% in the nonground and in ground materials, respectively.…”

“…The concentration of the monoterpenes in the control EO was 44.4%, which was within the concentration range of monoterpenes (31% and 83% of the total peak area) identified in 17 commercial hemp EO [ 19 ] and their concentration (around 41%) in hemp cv. Futura 75 EO [ 21 ].…”

“…Hemp production for high-value chemicals has recently amplified beyond anyone’s expectations [ 18 ], driven largely by the quickly established market for products infused with hemp or with hemp extracts such as ”CBD oil”, which include terpenes. The current environment of rigorous new product development with hemp extracts expanded the need and demand for hemp essential oil (EO) with differential chemical profile, aroma, and bioactivity [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. This can be achieved by either growing a large number of varieties and rely on their genetic and phytochemical differences, or by fractionating EO from a single variety during the EO extraction to obtain oils with desirable composition and aroma.…”

Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from Flower Heads of Arnica Chamissonis Less. under a Nitrogen Impact

“…[80]. Alpha-pinene is the main constituent of Cupressus sempervirens L. cone EO and Pistacia vera L. [81,82]. In turn, germacrene D, spathulenol, and beta-pinene were the main components of Santolina africana Jord.…”