Characterization and localization of the even-skipped protein of Drosophila.

Frasch, Manfred; Hoey, Timothy; Rushlow, Christine; Doyle, Helen; Levine, Michael

doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1987.tb04817.x

Cited by 476 publications

(293 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…ing of the neural elements of the elongated germ band because the most intense staining occurs in clusters, as expected in the nervous system (Frasch et al, 1987). There is also a suggestion of a new region of staining in the posterior ventral and posterior dorsal regions (arrowheads Fig.…”

Section: Fig 1 Map and Construction Of The Pptgal Vector Asupporting

confidence: 56%

“…2c,d). Because these sites are found on all lines whether they stain germ band or not, we think this may represent regions of, or adjacent to, presumptive proctodeum staining described by others (Frasch et al, 1987) or the presumptive Malpighian tubule region described by Harding et al (1986). After 10 h, the vertical stripes disappear and what appears to be dense staining of the salivary glands is prominent (Fig.…”

Section: Fig 1 Map and Construction Of The Pptgal Vector Amentioning

confidence: 57%

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PPTGAL, a convenient Gal4 P‐element vector for testing expression of enhancer fragments in drosophila

Sharma

Cheung

Larsen

et al. 2002

Genesis

117

109

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Section: Fig 1 Map and Construction Of The Pptgal Vector Asupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Fig 1 Map and Construction Of The Pptgal Vector Amentioning

confidence: 57%

PPTGAL, a convenient Gal4 P‐element vector for testing expression of enhancer fragments in drosophila

Sharma

Cheung

Larsen

et al. 2002

Genesis

117

109

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“…Most is known about Drosophila eve, the founding member of the gene family. However, its early segmental expression pattern {Macdonald et al 1986;Frasch et al 1987) is very different from that of most other animals, and its early function in segmentation (Lawrence et al 1987) is apparently acquired (Patel et al 19921.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In vertebrates [e.g., mouse evxl (Bastian and Gruss 1990;Dush and Martin 1992) and zebrafish evel {Joly et al 1993)], expression is concentrated on the ventral side, whereas in Drosophila mesoderm (Frasch et al 1987;Bodmer 1993) …”

Section: Vab-7 and D / V Muscle Patterningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posterior patterning by the Caenorhabditis elegans even-skipped homolog vab-7.

Ahringer¹

1996

Genes Dev.

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Patterning of the posterior end in animals is not well understood. Homologs of Drosophila even-skipped (eve) have a similar posterior expression pattern in many animals, and in vertebrates they are linked physically to the "posterior" ends of homeotic clusters (HOM-C), suggesting a conserved role in posterior development. However, the function of this posterior expression is not known. Here I show that the Caenorhabditis elegans gene vab-7 encodes an eve homolog that is required for posterior development and expressed in a pattern strikingly similar to that of vertebrate eve genes. Using a four-dimensional recording system, I found that posterior body muscles and the posterior epidermis are patterned abnormally in vab-7 mutants, but commitment to muscle and epidermal fates is normal. Furthermore, vab-7 activity is required for the complete expression of the most posterior HOM-C gene egl-5 in muscle cells, supporting the idea that eve homologs may act with the HOM-C to determine posterior cell fates. The conservation of sequence and expression pattern between vab-7 and eve homologs in other animals argues that most eve genes have posterior mesodermal and ectodermal patterning functions.

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“…It is unlikely that the pair-rule genes directly regulate the late programme of en expression, since products encoded by these genes are no longer detectable at this stage [13][14][15][16]24,25,31 . Analysing the en expression pattern in particular segment polarity mutants provides evidence that these genes are involved in regulating the second programme.…”

Section: Regulation Of Late Programmementioning

confidence: 99%

Two-tiered regulation of spatially patterned engrailed gene expression during Drosophila embryogenesis

DiNardo

Sher

Heemskerk-Jongens

et al. 1988

Nature

381

189

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A regulatory cascade, initiated during the syncytial stage of embryogenesis, culminates in the striped pattern of engrailed gene expression at the cellular blastoderm stage. The early regulatory genes, for example the pair-rule genes, are expressed transiently and as their products decay a distinct regulatory programme involving segment polarity genes takes over. This late programme maintains and perhaps modifies the striped pattern of engrailed expression through interactions that may involve cell communication.An early step in the generation of the Drosophila body pattern is the determination of the segmental subdivisions of the embryo. This occurs quite rapidly. By the cellular blastoderm stage (2-2.5 h after fertilization) the segmental outlines of the embryo, although not morphologically visible, are represented by the precise expression patterns of the segmentation (or segment polarity) genes, such as engrailed 1,2 and wingless 3 . The subsequent activity of genes such as these directs the morphological events leading to segmentation 4,5 .The segmentation genes are expressed in their localized patterns as a consequence of an early regulatory cascade. Three gene classes (maternal genes 6 , and the zygotically acting gap and pair-rule genes 4 ) act in sequence, each establishing the more refined spatial expression pattern of the next 7-9 . This takes place in a syncytial cytoplasm and is thought to rely on the diffusion and interaction of regulatory products encoded by these genes. The subdivision of the embryonic field by this cascade is rapid, occurring during the first thirteen nuclear divisions. After the thirteenth division, the nuclei are cellularized and the cellular blastoderm is formed.One outcome of this regulatory hierarchy is the establishment of engrailed (en) expression at the cellular blastoderm stage in 14 single-cell-wide stripes transecting the antero-posterior axis of the embryo 1,2,10,22 . Previous work has shown that the activity of separate sets of pair-rule genes controls establishment of en expression in even-and in odd-numbered stripes 11,12 . The data presented here suggests further that the separate control of even-and odd-numbered stripes is reflected in the organization of the cis-regulatory sequences at en.During the post-cellular blastoderm phase of development the expression pattern of en is maintained and modified 1,10 . It is unlikely that the pair-rule genes are involved in the postblastoderm regulation of en, since the pair-rule genes characterized to date are only expressed transiently in their pair-rule blastoderm patterns [13][14][15][16]31 . Here we address the mechanism by which the en gene is regulated in later embryonic development.

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Characterization and localization of the even-skipped protein of Drosophila.

Cited by 476 publications

References 37 publications

PPTGAL, a convenient Gal4 P‐element vector for testing expression of enhancer fragments in drosophila

PPTGAL, a convenient Gal4 P‐element vector for testing expression of enhancer fragments in drosophila

Posterior patterning by the Caenorhabditis elegans even-skipped homolog vab-7.

Two-tiered regulation of spatially patterned engrailed gene expression during Drosophila embryogenesis

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