Characterization and degradation pathways of ancient Korean waxed papers

Analytical study of the special crafts used in Ancient Tripitaka

“…bending vibrations. Characteristic bands of the ester function, C O stretching vibrations at 1734 cm −1 and 1641 cm −1 , in beeswax and the protective layer respectively, were also observed [13]. In addition to these bands, the esters occurring in both spectrums also present C-O stretching vibration at about 1162 cm −1 .…”

حفظ شمع النحل فی قطع السیرامیک الأثریة: الوظیفة والأستخدام

“…In terms of the chemical analysis of organic residues preserved in archaeological sites, biomarkers of honey have rarely been reported in archaeological contexts and this can be attributed to their high susceptibility to degradation under most environmental conditions (Regert et al 2003b). Contrarily, biomarkers of beeswax are more stable and resistant to degradative processes; therefore, they have been detected in many archaeological and art historical contexts (Heron et al 1994;Mills and White 1994: 49;Regert et al 2001Regert et al , 2003aRegert et al and 2005Bonaduce and Colombini 2004;Lattuati-Derieux et al 2009). In archaeological ceramic vessels, beeswax was used for different purposes, such as a sealant, an adhesive or a plasticizer in the production of adhesives, a fuel for illumination, a waterproofing agent, an insect repellent, ingredient in the production of medicinal ointments and in lost wax technique used in copper industry (Needham and Evans 1987;Heron et al 1994;Charters et al 1995;Panagiotakopulu et al 1995;Evershed et al 1997;Aveling and Heron 1999;Garnier et al 2002;Regert et al 2003a;Regert 2004;Copley et al 2005a;Mayyas 2007: 359-360;Namdar et al 2009;Baeten et al 2010).…”

“…Leaching of hydroxy wax esters with groundwater, in addition to oxidation and heating effects on n-alkanes, wax esters, and may be on n-alcohols, n-alkenes and fatty acids present in beeswax, are also main factors affecting the chemical composition of beeswax (Heron et al 1991;Regert et al 2001;Garnier et al 2002;Evershed 2008;Baeten et al 2010). Hydroxy esters are present in minor quantities in modern beeswax, but they could be found in significant quantities in archaeological extracts due to their formation by oxidation reactions from the wax esters present in the same residue (Lattuati-Derieux et al 2009). However, the presence of these oxidative products, i.e.…”

Characteristics of Beeswax-treated Hanji Aged by Closed and Ventilated Chamber

“…펄프 종이기술 44 (6) 2012 2) 밀랍은 복합고분자 물질로 긴 체인의 지방족 알코올 과 지방산으로 이루어진 C40-C52의 팔미트계 모노에 스테르가 주요 구성성분이며, 가수분해 및 산화반응 에 의해 알데히드 및 저분자의 지방산을 생성하는 것으 로 알려져 있다. 3,4,5) 국립문화재연구소에서 실시한 생 지본과 밀랍본 시제품을 대상으로 한 인공열화 결과, 밀랍본 시제품에서 생지본에 비해 많은 휘발성 유기화 합물(VOCs, volatile organic compounds)이 검출되었 으며, 검출된 VOCs 중 상당부분이 유기산을 비롯한 산 화합물(acid compounds)인 것으로 나타났다. 6) 본 연구에서는 밀랍의 열화과정에서 생성된 분해산 물, 특히 산화합물이 밀랍지의 열화에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 밀폐 및 배기 조건에서 밀랍지의 인공열 화를 실시했으며, 이를 통해 밀랍지 및 밀랍본의 열화 기작을 이해하고, 보다 안정적인 장기보관기술 개발 을 위한 기초자료를 확보하고자 한다.…”