Characteristics of Volunteers and Nonvolunteers for a Sleep and Hypnotic Experiment

Edwards, Carl N.

doi:10.1080/00029157.1968.10401997

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…There was also a marginal trend toward volunteers being less likely to have fathers (p < .10) or mothers (p < .10) who attended college. These results are consistent with predictions and other research showing volunteers to be higher in occupational status (Zimmer, 1956) and to have parents with less education (Edwards, 1968;Reuss, 1943) and lower incomes (Rosen, 1951). These seemingly contrary findings support Rosenthal and Rosnow's (1969) contention that occupants of higher status roles are most likely to volunteer because their backgrounds include greater vertical social mobility, and they perceive themselves as more likely to be favorably viewed by the experimenter.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…No differences were found between volunteers and nonvolunteers in military rank or social class, although the data were in the predicted direction. Moreover, there were no differences in fathers' education level, but volunteers were more likely to have mothers who attended college {p < .01), the latter result was consistent with Eischer and Winer (1969), but contrary to Experiment 1 and other studies (Edwards, 1968;Reuss, 1943).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Similarly, Robins (1963) found professionals to be more likely to participate in survey research than were nonprofessionals, and Stein (1971) found that volunteers had higher incomes than did nonvolunteers. However, volunteers' parents tend to have less education (Edwards, 1968;Reuss, 1943) and lower incomes (Rosen, 1951) than do the parents of nonvolunteers. Therefore, volunteers for the present study were predicted to be higher in occupational status (i.e., military rank), yet more likely to come from a lower socioeconomic background than nonvolunteers.…”

Section: Social Classmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk taking as motivation for volunteering for a hazardous experiment

Jobe

Holgate

Scrapansky

1983

Journal of Personality

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Army male enlisted personnel were tested in two experiments to assess the psychological correlates of volunteering for a hazardous combat simulation, (Experiment 1) and a riskless, psychological experiment (Experiment 2). Subjects were given a biographical and personal habit questionnaire, the IPAT Anxiety Scale, Rotter's Locus of Control Scale, and Torrance and Ziller's life experience inventory. Results from Experiment 1 indicated that volunteers were significantly less anxious, and more willing to take risks than were nonvolunteers. Noncommissioned officers, smokers, laterborn children, and children of lower socioeconomic class parents were significantly overrepresented among the volunteers for this hazardous experiment. In Experiment 2, which solicited volunteers for a routine, nonhazardous experiment, the only variable to discriminate the volunteers from the nonvolunteers was mothers' education level. Results are in agreement with findings, using college students, that volunteer samples differ significantly from nonvolunteer samples, and that the characteristics that discriminate these two groups vary as a function of situational factors.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Social Classmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk taking as motivation for volunteering for a hazardous experiment

Jobe

Holgate

Scrapansky

1983

Journal of Personality

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“…92]." This conclusion is based mostly upon studies that used father's level of education as a rough index of social class (e.g., Edwards, 1968;Reuss, 1943).…”

Section: Social Classmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…74-76). However, studies by Edwards (1968) and Poor (1967) suggest that the relationship may be curvilinear, with Ss showing medium need for approval being least likely to volunteer.…”

Section: Approval Needmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of volunteer subjects under three recruiting methods: Pay, extra credit, and love of science.

MacDonald¹

1972

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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Three methods of recruitment were randomly assigned to sections of Psychology 1, following the completion of a battery of tests. Measures of 14 personal characteristics, presumed to be related to volunteering, were included. The 5s were found to volunteer more for extra credit than for pay or "love of science." Males and females volunteered equally for love of science, but females volunteered more than males for extra credit or money. Among other findings, volunteers were higher than nonvolunteers in sociability and ambiguity tolerance and lower in conformity and authoritarianism. In addition to significance tests, estimates of magnitude (i.e., the correlation coefficient and omega square) were included. They revealed that though statistically significant, the obtained differences were not sizable, a result which is consistent with the volunteer literature in general.

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