Within each of 6 elementary school grades, a randomly selected 23% of the children were reported to their teachers as showing unusual potential for intellectual gains. All Ss were also administered a task designed to measure the accuracy of their perception of vocal communications of emotion by male and female speakers. After 4 mo. the “special” children scoring high in accuracy of perception of emotion as expressed by a female speaker showed significantly greater profit from the teachers' favorable expectations than did those low in accuracy. “Special” male Ss high in accuracy in perceiving emotion in a male showed significantly less profit from the expectancy after 4 mo. but significantly greater profit after being away from the teacher who received the expectancy for a 1-yr. period.
The Center for Birth Defects Information Services, a non-profit scientific collaborative formed to promote scientific and professional communication in birth defects and human genetics, operates a number of print and electronic information services designed to support clinical practice, education, and research. Unique among these services is Micro BDIS; a self-contained Birth Defects Information System for the personal computer. Subscribers are able to describe clinical cases or search criteria in a standardized language, as well as free text. The Micro BDIS evaluation facility then assists in the development of a differential diagnosis. Unusual cases that do not fit established diagnosis may be submitted to an Unknowns Registry.
The concept of level of aspiration was first apphed to goalsetting behavior by Dembo (1931), and in the years followmg, Lewm and his students subjected the settmg and changmg of achievement goals to an exhaustive theoretical and experimental analysis (Lewm, Dembo, Festmger, & Sears, 1944) Although many of the early studies and much of the Lewmian work as a whole were concerned with the conditions affectmg change m level of aspiration-for example, success and failure (Festmger, 1942, Hoppe, 1930, the sequence of task difficulty (Frank, 1935), reference group standards (Chapman & Volkmann, 1939) -the sigmficance of goal stnvmg for the study of personality was also appreciated There is a considerable personahty-centered literature on level of aspiration, datmg back to the 1930's, which recognizes the close lmk between mdividual pattems or styles of goal settmg and self-evaluation The level of aspiration paradigm-the statement of an expectancy or bid, performance on the task, and the settmg of a new level of aspn-ation-^presents the subject with a problem m self-evaluation, and the way he solves it provides a basis for makmg some important and general mferences about his self-confidence or self-esteem m a wide range of achievement and social situations Among the major, established findmgs are
Female Ss, 322 student nurses and 250 student teachers, were asked to indicate their career-marriage values and the values of 8 significant others on a 9-point scale ranging from high value on education and a career to high value on marriage and a family. Ss also indicated their preference for 1 of 3 life plan roles: marriage-oriented, career-oriented, and compromise. In both professions, the perceived values of significant others were found to show no significant differences across the 3 life plans. Further regression analysis indicated that perceived values of significant others are related to Ss values, but that the significant others of importance vary with S's own role decision.
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