Characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the evaporative emissions of modern passenger cars

Ting-ting, Yue; Yue, Xin; Chai, Fahe; Hu, Jingnan; Lai, Yitu; He, Liqang; Zhu, Rencheng

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.12.008

Cited by 70 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…[6][7][8][9] VOCs can participate in photochemical reactions, thus generating highly oxidized gases, such as ozone, which may disturb the balance of the ecosystem. 10,11 Gałęzowska et al showed that VOCs contribute to respiratory system disorders. 12 In addition, some research has noted that VOCs may lead to cancers, malformations and mutations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in the surface water of Poyang Lake in March 2017

Qin

Cao

et al. 2019

RSC Adv.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in the surface water of Poyang Lake in March 2017

Qin

Cao

et al. 2019

RSC Adv.

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“…Traffic emissions infiltrating from outside will be also rich in alkanes, but also contain BTEX and other aromatic compounds as well as several alkanes (Yang et al, 2017). Evaporative emissions will normally favour aromatics over alkanes (Yue et al, 2017), whereas exhaust emissions of alkane and aromatic VOC are likely to be mostly toluene, 2-methylbutane and p-& m-xylenes derived from gasoline (petrol) combustion (Chin and Batterman 2012;Montells et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses

Fernández-Iriarte

Amato

Moreno

et al. 2020

Atmospheric Environment

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Inhalable particulate matter (size <2.5µm: PM 2.5) inside commuting and tourist buses moving through the city of Barcelona, Spain, was chemically analysed. The analyses show PM dominated by organic carbon (mostly 10-20 µg/m 3) and elemental carbon (mostly 3-6 µg/m 3 ; OC/EC=3.4), followed by SO 4 2 , Fe, Ca, K, Al 2 O 3 , Mg, and Na, with calculated mineral content being around one third that of total carbon. Elemental carbon levels are higher inside diesel buses than those powered by natural gas or electricity, and higher in the upper floor of open-top double decker tourist buses than in the lower floor. Overall, major element concentrations inside the buses are typically 2-8 times higher than 24haveraged urban background levels, although some metallic trace elements, notably Cu and Sb, are exceptionally enriched due to the presence of brake particles, especially on routes involving higher gradients and therefore more brake use. In contrast, Cu and Sb concentrations in electric buses are unexceptional, presumably because these buses rely more on regenerative braking and are hermetically sealed when moving. Seasonal differences reveal PM to be more mineral in winter (Al 2 O 3 1.3 µg/m 3 vs. summer average of 0.3 µg/m 3), with summer enrichment in Na, Mg, P, V, Ni and SO 4 2being attributed to marine aerosols contaminated by port emissions. Source apportionment calculations identify 6 main factors: road dust resuspension, metalliferous (brake wear and metallurgy), local urban dust, secondary sulphate and shipping (6%), vehicle exhaust (19%), and an indoor source (46%) interpreted as likely related to the textile fibres and skin flakes of bus occupants. Volatile Organic Compounds measured inside all buses except one were dominated by 2-Methylpentane (14-36 µg/m 3), Toluene (10-30 µg/m 3), Xylene isomers (10-28 µg/m 3 , with m->> o-> p-Xylene) and n-Pentane (5-15 µg/m 3). ƩBTEX concentrations were <70 µg/m 3 , with Toluene being commonest, followed by m-Xylene, with p-Xylene, o-Xylene and Ethylbenzene each below 7 µg/m 3 and Benzene concentrations always less than the EU limit value of 5 µg/m 3. The VOCs mixture is similar to that recently reported from inside Barcelona taxis (although inside the larger volume bus VOC concentrations are lower than in the taxis) and is interpreted as providing a chemical fingerprint characterising traffic-contaminated ambient air in the city road environment. The notable exception to the VOC content was a brand new hybrid diesel bus still offgassing volatiles to such an extent that Ʃ(alkane+alkene+aromatic) indoor concentrations exceeded 800 µg/m 3 , with ƩBTEX ten times higher than normal.

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“…The fleet-average EFs of isopentane, toluene, n-pentane, and n-butane generally showed good correlations with ambient temperature (Fig.8), suggesting that these four compounds could be recognized as primary indicators of evaporation emissions (Yue et al, 2017;Liu et al, 2008;Tsai et al, 2006;Hwa et al, 2002). High loadings of isopentane (65.53%), toluene (54.87%), n-pentane (70.29%), and n-butane (73.18%) were found in Factor1.…”

Section: Source Identification Of Nmvocsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The abundance (v/v) of isopentane (12.89±5.98%), toluene (8.01±2.51%) and n-pentane (4.88±1.41%) were high in the emission of the tunnel fleet ( Fig.6), which is consistent with Tsai et al (2006)'s study. These three species are primary indicators of gasoline evaporation (Liu et al, 2008;Yue et al, 2017;Hwa et al, 2002;Tsai et al, 2006), implying that the control of vehicular evaporative emission becomes increasingly important with the improvement in fuel quality and emission standards in China (Liu et al, 2015a). It should be noted that MTBE, a gasoline oxygenation additive used to increase the octane number and reduce vehicular emissions of carbon monoxide, accounted for 5.73±1.53% of the vehicular NMVOCs emissions.…”

Section: Emission Factors Of Nmvocsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vehicular volatile organic compounds (VOCs)-NOx-CO emissions in a tunnel study in northern China: emission factors, profiles, and source apportionment

Song

Liu

Sun

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. Vehicular emission is a key contributor to ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx in Chinese megacities. However, the information of real-world emission factors (EFs) for a typical urban fleet is still limited, hindering the development of a more reliable emission inventory in China. Based on a more-than-two-week (August 8&ndash;24, 2017) tunnel test in urban Tianjin in northern China, and on the use of a statistical regression model, the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor model, and the Calculate Emissions from Road Transport (COPERT) IV model, characteristics of vehicular VOCs-NOx-CO emissions were analyzed systematically. The fleet-average EFs (pollutant: downslope, upslope, and overall in mgkm&minus;1veh&minus;1) were estimated respectively as follows: (NO: 61.92±72.46, 158.58±73.48, 97.52±69.84), (NO2: 16.52±11.49, 23.98±20.14, 15.86±9.38), (NOx: 79.45±78.43, 181.22±88.29, 116.56±77.61), and (CO: 269.96±342.38, 577.76±382.22, 344.67±250.01). The EFs of NO-NO2-NOx and CO from heavy-duty vehicles (or diesel vehicles) were differentiated from light-duty vehicles (or gasoline vehicles). The ratios (v/v) of NO2 to NOx in the primary vehicular exhaust were approximately 0.18±0.09, 0.10±0.22 and 0.10±0.05 for downslope, upslope, and the entire tunnel, respectively. The fleet-average EF of the 99-target non-methane VOCs (NMVOCs) was 40.56±12.18mgkm&minus;1veh&minus;1, lower than the previous studies in China. The BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, m-xylene and o-xylene) levels decreased by approximately 79% when emission standards increased from China I to China V. The source profiles of NMVOCs from the tailpipe and evaporative emissions were resolved by the PMF model. The evaporative emissions accounted for nearly one-half of the total vehicular VOC emissions, indicating that evaporative and tailpipe emissions contributed equally to VOC emissions. The relative contributions of evaporative NMVOC emissions to total vehicular NMVOC emissions are temperature-dependent with the average increasing ratio of 7.55%&deg;C&minus;1. The primary emission ratio (ER, m/m) of VOCs/NOx was approximately 2.04, suggesting that vehicular NOx and VOCs can be co-emitted with a proper ER. According to the vehicular ERs of VOCs/NOx in Tianjin (2000&ndash;2016) and China (2010&ndash;2030), as even more stringent emission standards are implemented in the future, the O3 chemical regimes were likely to be VOCs-limited (i.e., 8:1 threshold) for cities or regions where VOCs and NOx emissions are dominated by vehicular exhaust. Our study enriched the database on the fleet-average emission factors of on-road vehicles for emission inventory, air quality modeling, and health effects studies, provided implications for following O3 control in China from the view of primary emission, and highlighted the importance of further control of evaporative emissions.

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Characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the evaporative emissions of modern passenger cars

Cited by 70 publications

References 29 publications

Occurrence and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in the surface water of Poyang Lake in March 2017

Occurrence and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in the surface water of Poyang Lake in March 2017

Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses

Vehicular volatile organic compounds (VOCs)-NO<sub><i>x</i></sub>-CO emissions in a tunnel study in northern China: emission factors, profiles, and source apportionment

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Characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the evaporative emissions of modern passenger cars

Cited by 70 publications

References 29 publications

Occurrence and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in the surface water of Poyang Lake in March 2017

Occurrence and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in the surface water of Poyang Lake in March 2017

Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses

Vehicular volatile organic compounds (VOCs)-NO&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;x&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;-CO emissions in a tunnel study in northern China: emission factors, profiles, and source apportionment

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Vehicular volatile organic compounds (VOCs)-NO<sub><i>x</i></sub>-CO emissions in a tunnel study in northern China: emission factors, profiles, and source apportionment