Characteristics of source-separated household wastewater flows: a statistical assessment

Meinzinger, Franziska; Oldenburg, Martin

doi:10.2166/wst.2009.185

Cited by 65 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The inputs to and releases from the production processes for nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers were estimated using the ecoinvent processes representing European average production conditions augmented with U.S.-specific emissions data derived using the National Emissions Inventory [64]. The equivalent nutrient values of compost, urine, and methanogenesis digestate were estimated according to their nutrient content and bioavailability as derived from review studies [65,66]. The nutrient contents of digestate used for the BS and RH system elements were derived from a field study, which evaluated the effects of anaerobic digestion on digestate nutrient availability [55].…”

Section: Life Cycle Inventory and Impact Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing the Life Cycle Energy Consumption, Global Warming and Eutrophication Potentials of Several Water and Waste Service Options

Xue

Hawkins²,

Schoen³

et al. 2016

Water

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Abstract:Managing the water-energy-nutrient nexus for the built environment requires, in part, a full system analysis of energy consumption, global warming and eutrophication potentials of municipal water services. As an example, we evaluated the life cycle energy use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and aqueous nutrient releases of the whole anthropogenic municipal water cycle starting from raw water extraction to wastewater treatment and reuse/discharge for five municipal water and wastewater systems. The assessed options included conventional centralized services and four alternative options following the principles of source-separation and water fit-for-purpose. The comparative life cycle assessment identified that centralized drinking water supply coupled with blackwater energy recovery and on-site greywater treatment and reuse was the most energyand carbon-efficient water service system evaluated, while the conventional (drinking water and sewerage) centralized system ranked as the most energy-and carbon-intensive system. The electricity generated from blackwater and food residuals co-digestion was estimated to offset at least 40% of life cycle energy consumption for water/waste services. The dry composting toilet option demonstrated the lowest life cycle eutrophication potential. The nutrients in wastewater effluent are the dominating contributors for the eutrophication potential for the assessed system configurations. Among the parameters for which variability and sensitivity were evaluated, the carbon intensity of the local electricity grid and the efficiency of electricity production by the co-digestion with the energy recovery process were the most important for determining the relative global warming potential results.

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Section: Life Cycle Inventory and Impact Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing the Life Cycle Energy Consumption, Global Warming and Eutrophication Potentials of Several Water and Waste Service Options

Xue

Hawkins²,

Schoen³

et al. 2016

Water

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“…Relying on the distinct chemical contents and concentrations, yellow water (urine), brown water (feces), and gray water can be collected and treated separately to seek "waste-to-resource" and "waste-to-energy" purposes (Cordell et al, 2009;Love et al, 2009). In particular, the highly concentrated urine stream contributes about 85% of nitrogen, 50% of phosphorus, and 55% of potassium to the domestic wastewater but only 1% of the total volume (Larsen and Gujer, 1996;Meinzinger and Oldenburg, 2009). It is therefore acceptable to seek separate urine collection, which may significantly decrease the discharge of nutrients into water bodies and prolong the longevity of existing wastewater treatment plants (Wilsenach and Van Loosdrecht, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation of urine source separation in tropical cities: Process optimization and odor mitigation

Zhang

Giannis

Chang

et al. 2013

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Source-separating urine from other domestic wastewaters promotes a more sustainable municipal wastewater treatment system. This study investigated the feasibility and potential issues of applying a urine source-separation system in tropical urban settings. The results showed that source-separated urine underwent rapid urea-hydrolysis (ureolysis) at temperatures between 34-40 o C, stale/fresh urine ratios greater than 40%, and/or with slight fecal cross-contamination. Undiluted (or low-diluted) urine favored ureolysis; this can be monitored by measuring conductivity as a reliable and efficient indicator. The optimized parameters demonstrated that an effective urine source-separation system is achievable in tropical urban areas. On the other hand, the initial release of CO 2 and NH 3 led to an elevated pressure in the headspace of the collection reservoir, which then dropped to a negative value, primarily due to oxygen depletion by the microbial activity in the gradually alkalized urine. Another potential odor source during the ureolysis process was derived from the high production of volatile fatty acids (VFA), which were mainly acetic, propanoic, and butyric acids. Health concerns related to odor issues might limit the application of source separation systems in urban areas; it is therefore vital to systematically monitor and control the odor emissions from a source separation system. As such, an enhanced ureolysis process can attenuate the odor emissions.Implications: Urine source separation is promising to improve the management of domestic wastewater in a more sustainable way. The work demonstrates the achievability of an effective urine source-separation system in tropical urban areas. The installation of urine-stabilization tanks beneath high-rise buildings lowers the risk of pipe clogging. Conductivity measurement can be utilized as a reliable process indicator for an automated system. However, urine hydrolysis raises a strong potential of odor emission (both inorganic and organic), which might limit the application of source separation systems in urban areas. An enhanced ureolysis process could shorten and attenuate the odor emissions.

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“…Assuming that a temperature >85˚C in a solar box can be established for at least 3 h per day in a respective climatic region, t is substituted by 3 h. The volume of stored urine accumulating daily from one person is about 1.5 L [22]. according to Table 1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In comparison to municipal wastewater, volume flows of separately collected urine are small. A volume of 1.37 l urine (median value) is discharged per capita and day [22]. Therefore, also a slow stripping process might be acceptable when it can be operated even in remote areas without power supply.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pretreating Stored Human Urine for Solar Evaporation by Low-Technology Ammonia Stripping

Gulyas¹,

Zhang²,

Otterpohl³

2014

JEP

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In order to avoid the loss of ammonia during solar drying of stored urine, low-tech stripping is suggested as a pretreatment process for ammonia recovery. The mass transfer of ammonia from stored urine with an initial pH of about 9 was tested in a simple closed vessel operated at 72˚C, 74˚C and 85˚C. The specific urine/gas interface was 16.97 m −1 . For ammonia absorption, a beaker with sulfuric acid was positioned in the gas phase of the container. After keeping the stored urine for 73 h at 85˚C, the concentration of free ammonia (NH3) was reduced by more than 99%, and the pH of the stored urine decreased to 6.4 due to ammonia volatilization. Total ammonia ( 3 NH + + 4 NH ) concentration was reduced by only 83% in the same period. At lower temperatures, the process was slower. Required treatment time can be reduced when specific gas/liquid interface is increased. Because it is known that water can be heated in solar boxes to temperatures above 90˚C, this simple stripping apparatus is feasible to be operated with solar energy in remote areas with suitable climatic conditions where no electric power is available. As the area demand for solar "low-tech stripping" is less than 1 m 2 per capita, this process can be looked at as a suitable pretreatment of stored urine prior to solar evaporation.

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Characteristics of source-separated household wastewater flows: a statistical assessment

Cited by 65 publications

References 4 publications

Comparing the Life Cycle Energy Consumption, Global Warming and Eutrophication Potentials of Several Water and Waste Service Options

Comparing the Life Cycle Energy Consumption, Global Warming and Eutrophication Potentials of Several Water and Waste Service Options

Adaptation of urine source separation in tropical cities: Process optimization and odor mitigation

Pretreating Stored Human Urine for Solar Evaporation by Low-Technology Ammonia Stripping

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