Characteristics of PM10 Chemical Source Profiles for Geological Dust from the South-West Region of China

Abstract

Ninety-six particulate matter (PM 10 ) chemical source profiles for geological sources in typical cities of southwest China were acquired from Source Profile Shared Service in China. Twenty-six elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Sr, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, Be, Tl and Pb), nine ions (F − , Cl − , SO 4 2− , NO 3 − , Na + , NH 4 + , K + , Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ ), and carbon-containing species (organic carbon and elemental carbon) were determined to construct these profiles. Individual source profiles were averaged and compared to quantify similarities and differences in chemical abundances using the profile-compositing method. Overall, the major components of PM 10 in geological sources were crustal minerals and undefined fraction. Different chemical species could be used as tracers for various types of geological dust in the region that resulted from different anthropogenic influence. For example, elemental carbon, V and Zn could be used as tracers for urban paved road dust; Al, Si, K + and NH 4 + for agricultural soil; Al and Si for natural soil; and SO 4 2− for urban resuspended dust. The enrichment factor analysis showed that Cu, Se, Sr and Ba were highly enriched by human activities in geological dust samples from south-west China. Elemental ratios were taken to highlight the features of geological dust from south-west China by comparing with northern urban fugitive dust, loess and desert samples. Low Si/Al and Fe/Al ratios can be used as markers to trace geological sources from southwestern China. High Pb/Al and Zn/Al ratios observed in urban areas demonstrated that urban geological dust was influenced seriously by non-crustal sources.

China Source Profile Shared Service (CSPSS): The Chinese PM2.5 Database for Source Profiles

“…Shen et al (2016) used high Ca 2+ /Ca ratios (0.73-0.81) to indicate urban fugitive dust from Chinese north cities. This ratios (0.15-0.47) are relatively low in our study may account for dust samples mostly from southwest China (Liu et al, 2016b). Ratios of other crustal-related elements such as Si, Fe, Ti and K to Al were also taken as markers to characterize the soil dust from Loess Plateau, desert regions and Asian dust (Kim et al, 2003;Cao et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2014a;Zhang et al, 2014b;Shen et al, 2016).…”

“…These profiles are derived from scientific papers including fugitive dust from Chinese Loess Plateau (Cao et al, 2008), Asian dust source areas (Zhang et al, 2014b), north plain , southwest basin (Liu et al, 2016b) and other Chinese regions (Ho et al, 2003;Zhao et al, 2006;Han et al, 2009;Kong et al, 2011;Han et al, 2011;Chen et al, 2012;Han et al, 2014;Kong et al, 2014;Cheng et al, 2015), coal-fired boilers (Zhang et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2009;Pei et al, 2016), industrial sources (Zheng et al, 2013); biomass burning (Zhang et al, 2007;Zhang et al, 2012;Tao et al, 2015) and vehicle exhaust . Source profiles are also collected from source apportionment studies in Chinese cities such as Beijing, Tianjin, Chongqing and so on.…”

“…In China, studies on atmospheric pollution have been rapidly developed in recent years. An increasing number of studies have devoted to emission features for both anthropogenic and natural pollution sources (Zhang et al, 2007(Zhang et al, , 2008Zhang et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2014a;Cheng et al, 2015;Huang et al, 2015;Zhao et al, 2015;Li et al, 2016;Liu et al, 2016b;Pei et al, 2016;Tian et al, 2016;Wu et al, 2016). For example, Shen et al (2016) discussed chemical species' characteristics of fugitive dust from northern Chinese cities on regional scale.…”

Content of Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium in the Street Dust from the Area of Białystok (Poland)

“…The high Ca content in road dust in cities can indicate a large impact of anthropogenic emissions such as construction work. The Ca/Al ratio can be taken as an indicator to distinguish the geological sources from the urban or extra-urban areas (Liu et al, 2016). Shen et al (2016) used this indicator to track the urban dust sources from local or longrange transport.…”

Characterization of PM10 and PM2.5 Source Profiles of Fugitive Dust in Zhengzhou, China

“…In order to get chemical profiles of dust, the resuspension method has been used to collect PM 10 and PM 2.5 samples from different fugitive dust sources (Chow et al, 1994;Vega et al, 2001). However, most studies focused on road dust (RD) (Wang et al, 2005;Chen et al, 2006;Han et al, 2011;Shen et al, 2016), soil dust (SD) (Ho et al, 2003;Kong et al, 2011;Liu et al, 2016) and cement (CE) (Vega et al, 2001;Ho et al, 2003). Unfortunately, few chemical profiles on demolition dust (DD) are existent, although heavy metals in ambient air contaminated from DD have been evaluated for health risk assessment (Farfel et al, 2003;Brown et al, 2015a;Azarmi and Kumar, 2016).…”