Characteristics of nanoparticle formation and hazardous air pollutants emitted by 3D printer operations: from emission to inhalation

Youn, Jong-Chan; Seo, Jeong-Won; Han, Se-Hyun; Jeon, Ki‐Joon

doi:10.1039/c9ra03248g

Cited by 35 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The authors quantified and characterized VOC emissions of two commercial 3D printer filaments (ABS-CNT nanocomposite, ABS) in simulated FFF thermal conditions. In agreement with other studies [92] [80], styrene was found to comprise the highest fraction of total VOC emissions. The authors report that printing a few hundred grams of filament can result in the 1mg/m 3 IRIS reference concentration for inhalation exposure for styrene being exceeded, depending on room size and ventilation.…”

Section: Development Of Ventilation Recommendations Determination Ofsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In a recent study, Youn et al [92] Rao et al [93] used nanofiber-based air filters to collect PM2.5 particles (particles that have a diameter of less than 2.5 μm) generated from the function of a FFF printer, using ABS filament material. The authors suggest that the generation and aggregation of the particles is manifested in four stages.…”

Section: Quantifying Fff Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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3D Printed Lab-on-a-Chip Diagnostic Systems - Developing a Safe-by-Design Manufacturing Approach

Karayannis¹,

Petrakli²,

Gkika³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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The aim of this study is to provide a detailed strategy for Safe-by-Design (SbD) 3D printed lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device manufacturing, using Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology. At first, the applicability of FFF in lab-on-a-chip device development is briefly discussed. Subsequently, a methodology to categorize, identify and implement SbD measures for FFF is suggested. Furthermore, the most crucial health risks involved in FFF processes are examined, placing the focus on the examination of ultrafine particle (UFP) and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emission hazards. Thus, a SbD scheme for lab-on-a-chip manufacturing is provided, while also taking into account process optimization for obtaining satisfactory printed LOC quality. This work can serve as a guideline for the effective application of FFF technology for lab-on-a-chip manufacturing through the safest applicable way, towards a continuous effort to support sustainable development of lab-on-a-chip devices through cost-effective means.

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Section: Development Of Ventilation Recommendations Determination Ofsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Quantifying Fff Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printed Lab-on-a-Chip Diagnostic Systems - Developing a Safe-by-Design Manufacturing Approach

Karayannis¹,

Petrakli²,

Gkika³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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show abstract

“…Regarding particle deposition on the human respiratory system, it was assessed that larger numbers of nanoparticles are deposited in the lower respiratory tract compared to the upper respiratory tract. According to these results, the nanoparticles deposit in the pulmonary region which consists primarily of alveolar airways [92].…”

Section: Assessment and Characterisation Of The Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…In a recent study, Youn et al [92] performed an investigation of FFF emissions, measuring and sampling airborne nanoparticles and hazardous air pollutants at a 3D printing centre employing five FFF 3D printers utilizing PLA filament feedstock. The authors tested sequential and simultaneous use of the five printers, and also estimated emitted nanoparticle deposition in sectors of the respiratory system in the event of human exposure.…”

Section: Assessment and Characterisation Of The Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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3D-Printed Lab-on-a-Chip Diagnostic Systems-Developing a Safe-by-Design Manufacturing Approach

Karayannis¹,

Petrakli²,

Gkika³

et al. 2019

Micromachines

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The aim of this study is to provide a detailed strategy for Safe-by-Design (SbD) 3D-printed lab-on-a-chip (LOC) device manufacturing, using Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) technology. First, the applicability of FFF in lab-on-a-chip device development is briefly discussed. Subsequently, a methodology to categorize, identify and implement SbD measures for FFF is suggested. Furthermore, the most crucial health risks involved in FFF processes are examined, placing the focus on the examination of ultrafine particle (UFP) and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emission hazards. Thus, a SbD scheme for lab-on-a-chip manufacturing is provided, while also taking into account process optimization for obtaining satisfactory printed LOC quality. This work can serve as a guideline for the effective application of FFF technology for lab-on-a-chip manufacturing through the safest applicable way, towards a continuous effort to support sustainable development of lab-on-a-chip devices through cost-effective means.

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Using particle dimensionality‐based modeling to estimate lung carcinogenicity of 3D printer emissions

Korchevskiy,

Hill,

Hull

et al. 2023

J of Applied Toxicology

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The use of 3D printing technologies by industry and consumers is expanding. However, the approaches to assess the risk of lung carcinogenesis from the emissions of 3D printers have not yet been developed.The objective of the study was to demonstrate a methodology for modeling lung cancer risk related to specific exposure levels as derived from an experimental study of 3D printer emissions for various types of filaments (ABS, PLA, and PETG).The emissions of 15 filaments were assessed at varying extrusion temperatures for a total of 23 conditions in a Class 1,000 cleanroom following procedures described by ANSI/CAN/UL 2904. Three approaches were utilized for cancer risk estimation: (a) calculation based on PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations, (b) a proximity assessment based on the pulmonary deposition fraction, and (c) modeling based on the mass‐weighted aerodynamic diameter of particles.The combined distribution of emitted particles had the mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 0.35 μm, GSD 2.25. The average concentration of PM2.5 was 25.21 μg/m3. The spline‐based function of aerodynamic diameter allowed us to reconstruct the carcinogenic potential of seven types of fine and ultrafine particles (crystalline silica, fine TiO2, ultrafine TiO2, ambient PM2.5 and PM10, diesel particulates, and carbon nanotubes) with a correlation of 0.999, P < 0.00001. The central tendency estimation of lung cancer risk for 3D printer emissions was found at the level of 14.74 cases per 10,000 workers in a typical exposure scenario (average cumulative exposure of 0.3 mg/m3 – years), with the lowest risks for PLA filaments, and the highest for PETG type.

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Characteristics of nanoparticle formation and hazardous air pollutants emitted by 3D printer operations: from emission to inhalation

Abstract: Nanoparticle and HAP emissions from 3D printers and their deposition behavior in the human respiratory system were evaluated.

Cited by 35 publications

References 41 publications

3D Printed Lab-on-a-Chip Diagnostic Systems - Developing a Safe-by-Design Manufacturing Approach

3D Printed Lab-on-a-Chip Diagnostic Systems - Developing a Safe-by-Design Manufacturing Approach

3D-Printed Lab-on-a-Chip Diagnostic Systems-Developing a Safe-by-Design Manufacturing Approach

Using particle dimensionality‐based modeling to estimate lung carcinogenicity of 3D printer emissions

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