Characteristics of ground freezing and thawing under snow cover based on long-term observation

Harada, Yusuke; Tsuchiya, Fujio; Takeda, Kazuo; Muneoka, Toshimi

doi:10.5331/seppyo.71.4_241

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“…The processes of soil freezing and thawing affect both soil moisture and temperature, the carbon‐nitrogen (CN) cycle, and water exchanges between the land's surface and the atmosphere, as well as human activities, such as engineering construction (Harada et al, 2009; Iwata et al, 2010; Pang et al, 2009; Schuur et al, 2009; Xia et al, 2017). Moreover, the use of nitrogen fertilizers and point‐source pollution has increased the amount of riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen (Liu et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Land Surface Model CAS‐LSM: Model Description and Evaluation

Xie

Wang

et al. 2020

J Adv Model Earth Syst

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Comprehensive land surface models are very important for climate and weather forecasting and for improving our understanding of the relationships between humans and the Earth system. This work presents a land surface model of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS-LSM) that considers groundwater lateral flow, human water regulation, soil freeze-thaw front dynamics, riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen transport, anthropologic heat release, urban water usage, and urban planning based on the Community Land Model. Global simulations with the updated CAS-LSM were conducted to evaluate its performance, and the results show its advantages in reproducing ecohydrological processes. Groundwater lateral flow can replenish the groundwater depletion cone caused by overexploitation, where the offset rate increases as the aquifer thickness increases. The maximum thaw depth increases by 3.62 mm yr −1 in permafrost areas, and the maximum frost depth decreases by 1.89 mm yr −1 in seasonally frozen areas. Nitrogen fertilizer use and point-source pollution increase the riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen flow rate in western Europe and eastern China. To further verify the model's ability to simulate the effects of urban planning implementation, simulations over Beijing were conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with CAS-LSM. The results show that anthropogenic heat release enhances the sensible heat flux and temperature in the city center. In terms of urban water planning, most of the total water supply in Beijing should be used for urban irrigation, and a small part should be used for road sprinkling to obtain a greater cooling effect. Plain Language Summary This work presents a land surface model of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS-LSM) that considers groundwater lateral flow, human water regulation, soil freeze-thaw front dynamics, riverine dissolved inorganic nitrogen transport, anthropologic heat release, urban water usage, and urban planning based on the Community Land Model. Global simulations with the updated CAS-LSM were conducted to evaluate its performance, and the results show its advantages in reproducing ecohydrological processes. Simulations conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model coupled with CAS-LSM over Beijing show that the model can be used for urban water management. The results demonstrate that CAS-LSM is a feasible tool for studying the effects of human activities on land surface processes. 1. Introduction Land surface processes consist of the turbulent transport of momentum, heat, and water between the land's surface, canopy, and the atmospheric boundary layer, as well as thermal and hydrological processes in the soil and snow (Kowalczyk et al., 2013; Niu et al., 2011). These processes are complex and are affected by human activities, solar radiation, and gravity, as well as climate and environmental conditions. Land surface changes have attracted wide attention, especially those caused by human activities, including greenhouse gas emissions, a...

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