Characteristics of Graphene Oxide for Gene Transfection and Controlled Release in Breast Cancer Cells

Abstract

Functionalized graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles are being increasingly employed for designing modern drug delivery systems because of their high degree of functionalization, high surface area with exceptional loading capacity, and tunable dimensions. With intelligent controlled release and gene silencing capability, GO is an effective nanocarrier that permits the targeted delivery of small drug molecules, antibodies, nucleic acids, and peptides to the liquid or solid tumor sites. However, the toxicity and biocompatibility of GO-based formulations should be evaluated, as these nanomaterials may introduce aggregations or may accumulate in normal tissues while targeting tumors or malignant cells. These side effects may potentially be impacted by the dosage, exposure time, flake size, shape, functional groups, and surface charges. In this review, the strategies to deliver the nucleic acid via the functionalization of GO flakes are summarized to describe the specific targeting of liquid and solid breast tumors. In addition, we describe the current approaches aimed at optimizing the controlled release towards a reduction in GO accumulation in non-specific tissues in terms of the cytotoxicity while maximizing the drug efficacy. Finally, the challenges and future research perspectives are briefly discussed.

Accelerated Healing of Infected Diabetic Wounds by a Dual-Layered Adhesive Film Cored with Microsphere-Loaded Hydrogel Composite Dressing

“…80 In this way, the loaded DNA/RNA was transferred into the cells to regulate the expression of target genes. 81 As shown in Figure 5D, the growth of S. aureus in the SIS@GO-AS@bFGF group was inhibited significantly, compared with other two groups. Generally, we transform ASyycF via the GO-based delivery system and modulate the mechanism of posttranscription in S. aureus instead of immediate bacterial killing.…”

“…To further enhance the loading capacity of GO for anionic oligonucleotides, polyethylenimine (PEI) was used to endow it with a cationic surface property . In this way, the loaded DNA/RNA was transferred into the cells to regulate the expression of target genes . As shown in Figure D, the growth of S.…”

Elimination of Cancer Cells in Co-Culture: Role of Different Nanocarriers in Regulation of CD47 and Calreticulin-Induced Phagocytosis

“…25 Therefore, functionalized GO has been developed into ideal gene delivery systems. 20 GO and its derivatives have been used as carriers to deliver siRNA in many types of solid tumors, such as pancreatic, 26 breast, 27 and cervical cancers. 28 We have reported the successful use of different GO formulations to deliver CD47_siRNA to AML cells in vitro.…”

“…GO, a two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial, has recently attracted extensive interest for biosensing applications. , GO is obtained by exfoliating high-purity graphite into single-layered sheets or flakes. Thanks to the abundant hydrophilic surface groups (such as hydroxyl and carboxyl groups), GO can be dispersed in water .…”

“…The presence of such groups makes it easy to functionalize the surface of GO flakes with biocompatible polymers, which provide high biocompatibility and loading capacity as carriers. , Moreover, coating GO flakes with protein and polyethylene glycol (PEG) makes their in vitro or in vivo toxicity negligible . Therefore, functionalized GO has been developed into ideal gene delivery systems . GO and its derivatives have been used as carriers to deliver siRNA in many types of solid tumors, such as pancreatic, breast, and cervical cancers .…”