Characteristics of chromium based mixed oxide catalyst in biodiesel production

Bashah, Nur Alwani Ali; Luin, A.; Jalaluddin, I. A.; Shahhaizad, I. A.; Ismail, Normah; Kamis, Wan Zuraida Wan

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1349/1/012143

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Thus, suitable alternative energy is needed to offset declining natural resources. Biofuel, which can be produced from renewable resources, especially biomass, can provide similar energy to fossil fuels and positively influence climate change [2]. The biomass feedstock can be derived from many sources, such as plants, animals, and wastes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Hydrochars via Hydrothermal Carbonization of Zinc Chloride Activated Cotton Textile Waste

Ahmad Ikhwan Muaz Abd Rahman,

Nur Alwani Ali Bashah,

Wan Zuraida Wan Kamis

et al. 2024

ARFMTS

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Anthropogenic pollution from fossil fuel combustion due to increasing global populations and emerging industries poses a serious threat to the environment. Therefore, it is vital to explore alternative green energy sources. Hence, this study synthesized renewable solid fuel hydrochars by utilizing biomass of cotton textile waste (CTW) as feedstock. ZnCl2 was selected as a catalyst due to its Lewis acid properties promoting hydrolysis and dehydration of raw materials towards hydrochar formation. The ZnCl2-activated cotton textile waste (ZnCl2-CTW) was prepared via the wet impregnation method at different ZnCl2 loading. The hydrochars were synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization of ZnCl2-CTW in a Parr batch reactor at the reaction temperature of 200 °C for 3 h. The hydrochars and CTW were characterized using a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) to evaluate the proximate analysis, whereas an elemental analysis and determination of higher heating value (HHV) were conducted employing a CHNS analyser. The proximate analysis indicates the hydrochars volatile matter increases at higher catalyst loading, possibly due to the high content of bio-oil adsorbed on the hydrochars surface. The elemental analysis shows higher carbon and lower oxygen content for hydrochars compared to CTW, mainly due to the dehydration, decarboxylation, and aromatization reactions during HTC. Meanwhile, the HHV of hydrochars increases as catalyst loading increases to 1.5 g, which obtained the highest value of 18.41 MJ/kg, indicating good quality of solid fuel. This demonstrated that the ZnCl2 catalyst was useful in improving the energy density of hydrochars. Overall, ZnCl2 catalyst loading of 1.5 g has exhibited good performance in producing hydrochars via HTC of CTW. Thus, ZnCl2-CTW has the potential to produce hydrochar suitable as solid fuel, contributing to the conversion of waste into energy and the preservation of the environmental.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Hydrochars via Hydrothermal Carbonization of Zinc Chloride Activated Cotton Textile Waste

Ahmad Ikhwan Muaz Abd Rahman,

Nur Alwani Ali Bashah,

Wan Zuraida Wan Kamis

et al. 2024

ARFMTS

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“…The continuous growth of the world's population and urbanization has increased energy demand [1]. The detrimental effects on the environment, such as greenhouse gas pollution through the use of fossil fuels, warrant alternative energy sources [2]. Biomass, as a renewable and abundant resource, has the potential to be an excellent source of energy that may be transformed into various forms, such as solid, liquid or gaseous, via thermochemical processes [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of ZnCl2 Catalyst Loading in Hydrothermal Carbonization of Cotton Textile Waste to Produce Hydrochars

Rosly,

Wan Kamis,

Ali Bashah

et al. 2023

EAJ

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Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermochemical process that utilizes biomass as feedstocks to produce hydrochars as solid fuel. Cotton textile wastes (CTW) are abundant; most are landfilled or incinerated, causing environmental pollution. CTW is rich in cellulose, thus suitable as biomass feedstock. HTC at a moderate temperature below 230 °C yields low-value hydrochars with low carbon content; however, an acid catalyst enhances the reaction. In this study, zinc-activated cotton textile waste (Zn-CTW) was synthesized via incipient wetness impregnation and used as a catalyst in hydrothermal carbonization to produce hydrochars. The reactions were conducted in a batch reactor at a temperature of 200 °C for 3 h. The effects of ZnCl2 catalyst loading on CTW were studied. The characteristics of hydrochars in terms of surface morphologies, hydrogen/carbon (H/C) and oxygen/carbon (O/C) ratios and surface functional groups were affected by the ZnCl2 loading on CTW. The results show that the hydrothermal carbonization of Zn-CTW-1.5 obtained hydrochars with the lowest H/C and O/C ratio values of 1.286 and 0.614, respectively. The FTIR analysis indicates stretching vibration of the C-O bond, which are the carboxylic acids and esters formed in the hydrochars. The hydrochars' surface morphologies show irregular and rough surfaces. It is concluded that Zn-CTW has the potential as a heterogeneous catalyst to produce hydrochars via hydrothermal carbonization

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“…In addition, chromium-containing mesoporous molecular sieves have been studied because of their extensive use in many catalytic reactions [7]. In recent years, supported chromium oxide catalysts have been widely used in dehydrogenation of hydrocarbons [11,12], selective catalytic reduction of nitrous oxide [13], organic compound oxidation [14,15], ethylene polymerization, dehydrogenation catalysis [16,17], hydrogen production [18] and biodiesel production [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation, Characterization and Catalytic Activity of CrSBA-15 for 2-Propanol Decomposition

Sánchez-Cruz¹,

Hernández-Huesca²,

Pérez-Cruz³

et al. 2020

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The chromium mesoporous materials have been used in many catalytic reactions. Some studies have been devoted to determining the nature of chromium species and to characterizing the chemical structure. The different chromium species depend on synthetic methods and the support used. In this work we prepared mesoporous SBA-15 supported chromium materials referred to in this document as xCrSBA-15, was prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen (N 2 ) adsorption-desorption isotherms, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H 2 -TPR), scanning electron microscopic (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and Fourier transform IR (FT-IR). Chromium in SBA-15 forms different types of chromates and Cr 2 O 3 , causing morphological and textural changes and generating different catalytic centers. The catalytic conversion of 2-propanol to xCrSBA-15 materials were carried out by in a quartz reactor with a loading of 30 mg of the material at 300°C. Before the catalytic test, the material was activated in two ways: with N 2 and reduced at a H 2 /Ar flow (MxCrSBA-15). The catalytic conversion of 2-propanol to xCrSBA-15 did not increase with reduction (MxCrSBA-15) but decreased deactivation. All the materials had an acidic behavior, which is related to the chromate species in the materials. These results suggest that the more acidic materials favor the formation of coke during the deactivation process, and coke reduces the Cr 3+ to Cr 2+ species, thus decreasing the acidity of the materials.

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Characteristics of chromium based mixed oxide catalyst in biodiesel production

Cited by 5 publications

References 14 publications

Synthesis of Hydrochars via Hydrothermal Carbonization of Zinc Chloride Activated Cotton Textile Waste

Synthesis of Hydrochars via Hydrothermal Carbonization of Zinc Chloride Activated Cotton Textile Waste

Effects of ZnCl2 Catalyst Loading in Hydrothermal Carbonization of Cotton Textile Waste to Produce Hydrochars

Preparation, Characterization and Catalytic Activity of CrSBA-15 for 2-Propanol Decomposition

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