Characteristics, Applications and Determination of Bismuth

Abstract

Bismuth has received considerable attention and been widely used in many fields due to its relatively low toxicity and special properties. This paper reviews the physical and chemical characteristics of bismuth, summarizes its applications, and introduces the techniques for the determinations of bismuth. However, the long-term use of bismuth may also bring about some side effects and even toxicity to human body, which was described here as well. In the end, we conclude the current situation and potential future of bismuth in respects of application and determination.

Bismuth as Smart Material and Its Application in the Ninth Principle of Sustainable Chemistry

“…Bismuth as a posttransition metal is a very useful heavy metal compared with other heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury) because of its relatively low toxicity and other distinct properties [148][149][150]. is has led to its various uses in various fields, such as alloy industries, contact lenses, cosmetics, electronics, greases, lubricating oils, medicines treatment, metallurgy, nuclear reactor cooling solutions, semiconductors, sugar purification reagents, and washing solution [146].…”

“…On a different note, researchers discovered that the presence of bismuth and its compounds in cosmetics (lipstick) and pharmaceuticals could cause damage to the liver, kidney, and nervous system [148,150]. In other words, bismuth could be considered as one of the potential toxins, which has an adverse effect on motor neutrons [148,151].…”

“…Chemical Synthetic Reactions. Bismuth compounds, such as bismuth phosphotungstate, were reported to catalyze many chemical reactions because of its high catalytic activity [148]. Some of the chemical reactions are the syntheses of cyclohexyl acetate heterogeneous and cyclohexyl acetate.…”

Efficient Dechlorination of α-Halocarbonyl and α-Haloallyl Pollutants by Electroreduction on Bismuth

“…Owing to the increasing emphasis on greener catalysts, bismuth metal and its oxidation state Bi(III) have been widely studied in the last fifteen years for their catalytic ability. [1][2][3] Bi(III) catalyzes many essential reactions in organic synthesis as for example oxidation, alkylation, allylation, cycloaddition and etherification. A few reactions involving Bi(0) catalyst have been also described as for example a Reformatsky-type reaction occurring in the presence of BiCl 3 and Al(0) 4 and the selective reduction of -unsaturated esters with the NaBH 4 -BiCl 3 system.…”

Inorganic Salt Assisted Self‐Assembly of Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas with Various Structures under Alkaline Conditions

“…Yang et al [22] presented the promoting effects of divalent inorganic salts, such as NiCl 2 , Zn(NO 3 ) 2 , on the formation of PMOs templated by Brij-76 in the absence of additional acid. Recently, Liu et al [23] demonstrated the crucial role of inorganic salts that played in the synthesis of PMOs using F127 as surfactant and found that the addition of NiSO 4 and CuSO 4 will lead to PMOs with cubic (Im3m) and cubic (Fm3m) mesostructure, respectively. While under basic conditions, due to the strong electrostatic S + Iinteractions, the influence of counterions is usually ignored and seldom reported.…”