Characteristics and Risk Factors Associated With Mortality in a Multicenter Spanish Cohort of Patients With COVID-19 Pneumonia

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Spain is one of the countries with the highest number of COVID-19 patients. Unfortunately, few data for regions are available. OBJETIVES: This study aimed to describe the characteristics and independent risk factors associated with COVID-19 mortality in Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. Methods: Cohort and multicenter study in all 14 public hospitals of the Castilla-La Mancha Health Service. Baseline characteristics, preexisting comorbidities, symptoms, clinical features and treatments were included. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with death and Kaplan-Meier test to examine survival probability. Statistical significance was considered with p <0.05 (95% CI). SPSS (version 24.0 for Windows) and R 4.0.2 (R Statistics) software were used. Results: The cohort comprised 12,126 patients sequentially attended between February 11 and May 11, 2020. The mean age of patients was 66.4 years; 5,667 (46.7%) were women. Six protective factors against exitus were defined: female sex, anosmia, cough, chloroquine and azithromycin. The risk factors were: age over 50, obesity, cardiac pathology, fever, dyspnea, lung infiltrates, lymphopenia, D-dimer above 1000 ng/mL, and mechanical ventilation requirement. Survival analysis showed higher survival rate in women (75.7%) than men (72.1%). Cumulative survival was 87.5% for non-hospitalized patients, 70.2% for patients admitted to hospital and 61.2% in ICU patients. Additionally, survival probability decreased with increasing age range Conclusion: Determination of protective or death-promoting factors could be useful to stratify patients by severity criteria and to improve COVID-19 care management.

Higher rate of covid-19 mortality in patients with type 1 than type 2 diabetes: a nationwide study

“…Our ndings are consistent with the earlier ndings that in COVID-19 patients with T1DM, age is a strong predictor of mortality and poor prognosis as well. Likewise, we identi ed lymphopenia as a predictor of worse prognosis in the T1DM group, which is in line with the previous reports from others [7,29,30]. In this regard, T1DM patients with older age and lymphopenia should be treated more carefully during COVID-19.…”

Is loss of smell an early predictor of COVID-19 severity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…In total, 34 studies provided information on the severity of COVID-19 disease. Of them, four studies were preprints (Al Harthi et al 2020 ; Bertlich et al 2020 ; Papizadeh et al 2020 ; Patel et al 2020 ), and 30 articles were published studies (Aggarwal et al 2020 ; Alasia et al 2021 ; Alizadehsani et al 2021 ; Allenbach et al 2020 ; Amanat et al 2021 ; Borobia et al 2020 ; Delorme et al 2021 ; Elimian et al 2020 ; Ermis et al 2021 ; García-Azorín et al 2021 ; Ghaffari et al 2021 ; Goyal et al 2021 ; Izquierdo et al 2020 ; Kadiane-Oussou et al 2020 ; Kocayığıt et al 2021 ; Lechien et al 2021 ; Liotta et al 2020 ; Mao et al 2020 ; McElvaney et al 2020 ; Muñoz-Rodríguez et al 2021 ; Printza et al 2021 ; Romero-Sánchez et al 2020 ; Salepci et al 2021 ; Sobhani et al 2021 2021 ; Song et al 2021 ; Studart-Neto et al 2020 ; Sun et al 2021 ; Tomlins et al 2020 ; Vaira et al 2020 ; Vial et al 2020 ). The OD were present in 482 severely ill and 2640 non-severely ill patients with COVID-19.…”

Sex Differences and Predictors of In-Hospital Mortality among Patients with COVID-19: Results from the ANCOHVID Multicentre Study

“…Social determinants of health [6]-material conditions, psychosocial circumstances and behavioural factors-influenced the risk of infection among the exposed, while health systems (overload and changing protocols for diagnosis, admission and treatment) influenced the risk of death among the infected. As a result, important differences were observed across areas even in the same country [7]. To our knowledge, risk factors for in-hospital mortality have been published so far from four Spanish regions [7][8][9][10].…”

“…As a result, important differences were observed across areas even in the same country [7]. To our knowledge, risk factors for in-hospital mortality have been published so far from four Spanish regions [7][8][9][10].…”