Characterisation of urban inhalation exposures to benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the European Union

Bruin, Yuri Bruinen de; Koistinen, Kimmo; Stylianos, Kephalopoulos; Geiss, Otmar; Tirendi, Salvatore; Kotzias, D.

doi:10.1007/s11356-008-0013-4

Cited by 95 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…It is also regarded as an important source of indoor pollution: smoking has been identified as the major indoor source of benzene, contributing an average of 2-3 μg/m 3 to total indoor air concentrations (Ilgen et al, 2001a). The ranges of benzene (1-30 μg/m 3 ) reported in this study were similar to those reported by Bruinen de Bruin et al (2008), but higher than those measured by Guo et al (2003) (Table 7). Tables 8 and 9 show the lifetime health risks of carcinogens and non-cancer pollutants.…”

Section: Monitoring Of Formaldehyde and Vocssupporting

confidence: 81%

“…The inhalation exposure of individuals depends on personal time allocated to daily activities in different microenvironments (Bruinen de Bruin et al, 2008). A more complete picture of human inhalation exposure and factors determining this exposure can be obtained by combining the daily activity and microenvironment monitoring data (Sexton et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Formaldehyde in Korean Public Facilities: Derivation of Health Protection Criteria Levels

Kim¹,

Lim²,

Shin³

et al. 2011

Asian J. Atmos. Environ

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This study suggests criteria to conduct a risk assessment of VOCs and formaldehyde in uncontrolled public facilities. Pollutants and facilities were selected based on two years of monitoring data and exposure scenarios in 573 uncontrolled public facilities, composed of 10 types of public institutions. With the exception of social welfare facilities, lifetime ECRs of formaldehyde and benzene in each facility were higher in employees than in users, except in social welfare facilities. In social welfare facilities, the risk of benzene for users (1×10 -5 ) was higher than that of workers (1×10 -6 ) because facility users live in the facility 24 hours per day, compared to workers who spend an average of 8 hours per day in the facility. The risk of benzene to workers in restaurants, academies, performance halls, internet café and pubs were estimated as high as 1×10 -4 and the risk to workers in the theaters and karaoke bars were recorded as 1×10 -5. Because lifetime ECRs of carcinogens exceeded 1×10 -4 for workers and users in most facilities, risk management of formaldehyde and benzene in these facilities is necessary. Although HQs of toluene and xylenes did not exceed 1.0, their HQs did exceed 0.1 in some facilities, so they were evaluated as potentially harmful materials. Additionally, criteria for health protection in IAQ by facility are suggested at 60-100 μg/m 3 for formaldehyde, 400-500 μg/m 3 for TVOCs, 10-20 μg/m 3 for benzene, 150-170 μg/m 3 for toluene and 100 μg/m 3 for xylenes, based on the survey on IAQ and HRA methodology. The excess rates of IAQ to health protection criteria in all facilities were 16% for formaldehyde, 8% for TVOCs and benzene, 9% for toulene, and 5% for xylenes.

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Section: Monitoring Of Formaldehyde and Vocssupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Formaldehyde in Korean Public Facilities: Derivation of Health Protection Criteria Levels

Kim¹,

Lim²,

Shin³

et al. 2011

Asian J. Atmos. Environ

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“…La mayoría de los estudios han reportado concentraciones por abajo del límite máximo permisible (Cuadro VII). Las principales fuentes de formaldehído se encuentran Gilbert et al 2006, Ohura et al 2006, de Bruin et al 2008, por eso una buena ventilación disminuiría la concentración. Si por el contrario, la concentración en la atmósfera fuera mayor, ésta aumentaría en el interior.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Formaldehído en Viviendas Urbanas en Salvador, Bahía - Brasil

Pineda

Prata

Cardoso

et al. 2017

Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie.

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Palabras clave: aldehídos, contaminación del aire en interiores, exposición a riesgos ambientales RESUMEN El formaldehído es un contaminante común en los espacios interiores. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar la concentración de formaldehído en viviendas urbanas y la posible relación de las fuentes potenciales intramuros con dicha concentración. Se utilizó un mé-todo transversal anidado en un estudio longitudinal que investiga factores asociados con el asma y la alergia en niños escolares en Salvador. Entre febrero de 2007 y julio de 2008 se visitaron las viviendas de 1168 niños (4 -13 años) para recolectar información sobre las características de las casas. Para la determinación de formaldehído gaseoso se utilizó un procedimiento fluorimétrico con el reactivo Fluoral P. Se evaluaron los indicadores de ventilación, fuentes de formaldehído y exposición al humo del cigarro según los niveles de formaldehído a través de una regresión logística, en la que se calculó la razón de productos cruzados (RPC) con un intervalo de confianza (IC) de 95 %. La concentración de formaldehído en general fue baja (media 0.80 µg/m 3 ). Un mayor número de fuentes potencialmente emisoras de ese compuesto (RPC 1.30; 95 % IC 1.03-1.65), así como las mejores condiciones de ventilación (RPC 1.35; 95 % IC 1.07-1.70), estuvieron asociadas con una mayor concentración de formaldehído. Mientras que en las viviendas donde habitaban fumadores, la concentración de formaldehído fue menor (RPC 0.69; 95 % IC 0.52-0.90). El nivel de concentración del formaldehído en las viviendas estudiadas en Salvador fue inferior a los niveles máximos aceptables nacional e internacionalmente para ambientes interiores. Las características de las viviendas influyeron en la concentración de dicho compuesto. El método de muestreo ambiental utilizado permitió la determinación del formaldehído con suficiente confiabilidad.Key words: aldehydes, indoor air contamination, exposure to environmental risks Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie. 33 (2) 183-197, 2017 DOI: 10.20937/RICA.2017 N.I. Soza Pineda et al. 184 ABSTRACTFormaldehyde is a common contaminant in indoor environments. The objective of the present study was to identify formaldehyde concentrations in urban households and to investigate a possible association between the formaldehyde concentration and potential indoor sources. This is a cross-sectional study nested within SCAALA, a large longitudinal study conducted to investigate factors associated with asthma and allergy in schoolchildren in Salvador. The homes of 1168 children from 4 to 13 years old were visited between February 2007 and July 2008 to collect data on the household characteristics. Fluorometric determination of gaseous formaldehyde was conducted using the Fluoral-P reagent. Logistic regression with calculation of odds ratios and their respective 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI), was used to evaluate ventilation, sources of formaldehyde, and exposure to cigarette smoke according to formaldehyde concentrations. Formaldehyde concentrations were low ...

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“…Thus, it is in these cases where humidity interference on measurements should be addressed. Areas with concentrations of benzene above the annual limit value are widely reported in the literature (Anttila et al, 2016;Bruinen De Bruin et al, 2008;Licen et al, 2016;Al Madhoun et al, 2011).…”

Section: Influence Of Humidity On Benzene Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of sample temperature and environmental humidity on measurements of benzene in ambient air by transportable GC-PID

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Calibration of in situ analysers of air pollutants is usually done with dry standards. In this paper, the influence of sample temperature and environmental humidity on benzene measurements by gas chromatography coupled with a photoionisation detector (GC-PID) is studied. Two reference gas mixtures (40 and 5 µg m −3 nominal concentration benzene in air) were subjected to two temperature cycles (20/5/20 • C and 20/35/20 • C) and measured with two identical GC-PIDs. The change in sample temperature did not produce any significant change in readings. Regarding ambient humidity, the chromatographs were calibrated for benzene with dry gases and subjected to measure reference standards with humidity (20 and 80 % at 20 • C). When measuring a concentration of 0.5 µg m −3 benzene in air, the levels of humidity tested did not produce any significant interference in measurements taken with any of the analysers. However, when measuring a concentration of 40 µg m −3 , biases in measurements of 18 and 21 % for each respective analyser were obtained when the relative humidity of the sample was 80 % at 20 • C. Further tests were carried out to study the nature of this interference. Results show that humidity interference depends on both the amount fractions of water vapour and benzene. If benzene concentrations in an area are close to its annual limit value (5 µg m −3 ), biases of 2.2 % can be expected when the absolute humidity is 8.6 g cm −3 -corresponding to a relative humidity of 50 % at 20 • C. This can be accounted for in the uncertainty budget of measurements with no need for corrections. If benzene concentrations are above the annual limit value, biases become higher. Thus, in these cases, actions should be taken to reduce the humidity interference, as an underestimation of benzene concentrations may cause a mismanagement of air quality in these situations.

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Characterisation of urban inhalation exposures to benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the European Union

Cited by 95 publications

References 30 publications

Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Formaldehyde in Korean Public Facilities: Derivation of Health Protection Criteria Levels

Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Formaldehyde in Korean Public Facilities: Derivation of Health Protection Criteria Levels

Formaldehído en Viviendas Urbanas en Salvador, Bahía - Brasil

Influence of sample temperature and environmental humidity on measurements of benzene in ambient air by transportable GC-PID

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