Characterisation of particle emissions from the driving car fleet and the contribution to ambient and indoor particle concentrations

Palmgren, Finn; Wåhlin, Peter; Kildesø, J.; Afshari, Alireza; Fogh, C.L.

doi:10.1016/s1474-7065(03)00053-6

Cited by 44 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Palmgren et al (2003) found that the tailpipe emissions give rise to fine and ultrafine particles with modal aerodynamic diameters of 0.1-2 and 0.03-0.1 μm, respectively, whereas abrasion-related particles yield rather coarse modes (>2 μm). According to Matzka and Maher (1999), the grain size was found to lie between 0.3 and 3 μm interpreted in favour of derivation of such fine particles from vehicle exhaust rather than friction wear or resuspended road dust.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Magnetic susceptibility of dust-loaded leaves as a proxy of traffic-related heavy metal pollution in Kathmandu city, Nepal

Gautam

Blaha

Appel

2005

Atmospheric Environment

155

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…led to efforts to classify PM to even smaller size levels such as PM 2.5 and PM 1 (e.g. Samet et al, 2000;Palmgren et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic susceptibility of dust-loaded leaves as a proxy of traffic-related heavy metal pollution in Kathmandu city, Nepal

Gautam

Blaha

Appel

2005

Atmospheric Environment

155

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“…(3) In Sweden the sulphur content in diesel fuel was low already at the time of the study, viz. <10 ppm, in comparison with 350 ppm (the European content at the time), and sulphur content has an important impact on emissions of particles from vehicles (Palmgren et al, 2003;Wahlin et al, 2001). The current European directive stipulates use of low sulphur fuel for both gasoline and diesel (<50 ppm) from 2005 onwards and, furthermore, that sulphur-free fuel (<10 ppm) must be used by the year 2009 (European Parliament, 2003).…”

Section: Roadside Traffic Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal exposures and indoor, residential outdoor, and urban background levels of fine particle trace elements in the general population

et al. 2006

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The general population is exposed to particulate air pollution from many different local and regional sources. Examples of local sources are traffic, biomass burning and resuspended dust, while regional sources are dominated by combustion processes from heating, traffic and industries. The overall aim of this thesis was to characterise the personal exposure to trace elements in fine particles, mainly PM 2.5 and investigate how the exposure is related to indoor and outdoor levels. Particulate matter was collected on filters and analysed for elemental content by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy.In the general population in Göteborg, personal exposures to Cl, Ca, Ti and Fe were significantly higher compared with indoor, residential outdoor and urban background levels. Significant correlations were also found between urban background PM mass and personal exposure to elements related to both combustion (S, V and Pb) and resuspended dust (Ti, Fe and Zn), indicating that both sources could be relevant for health effects from urban background PM. In a community where wood burning for domestic heating is common, significantly (66-80%) higher personal exposures and indoor levels were found for K, Ca and Zn compared with a reference group living in the same area, indicating that these elements could be good markers for wood smoke. In a study in Stockholm concerning children's environments (home, school and preschool), higher indoor than outdoor levels of Ti were found, while long-range-transported (LRT) elements (S, Ni, Br and Pb) were higher outdoors. A community located 25 km from the city centre had significantly lower outdoor levels of crustal and traffic-related elements compared with both the city centre and a suburban area. The levels of Fe and Cu were four times higher in the central communities. Outdoors, Cu levels were found to correlate well with the traffic marker NO 2 , making it a possible elemental marker for traffic-related aerosols in health studies. Roadside measurements of fine and ultrafine (<100 nm) particles were performed along a major approach road to Göteborg and the levels of ultrafine particles were influenced not only by traffic intensity, but also, by wind speed and direction, as well as boundary layer height. No correlation was found between PM 2.5 and ultrafine particles or traffic, but there was a correlation between PM 2.5 and particles sized 100-368 nm. In all environments studied, the origin of LRT air masses had a strong effect on exposure and levels of PM elements.In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that elemental analysis is a useful method for better characterising human exposure to fine particles. For several elements, the personal exposure is often higher than corresponding indoor levels. The origin of LRT elements affected not only outdoor levels, but also, the personal exposure and indoor levels, and should be taken into account in time series studies of air pollution and health.

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“…2(c) shows higher loadings for particulates in the size range 4-20 nm. Most fresh particles emitted by motor vehicle exhausts are ultrafine particle (< 0.1 µm), and tend to exhibit a size distribution with a nucleation mode (< 20 nm) (Palmgren et al, 2003;Pey et al, 2009), indicating that motor vehicle emissions is the potential source of the third component.…”

Section: Asian Dust Storm Periodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source Apportionment of PM2.5 Particle Composition and Submicrometer Size Distribution during an Asian Dust Storm and Non-Dust Storm in Taipei

Liang

Chang

et al. 2013

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Asian dust storm (ADS) not only increase the coarse particle concentrations, but also bring the fine and ultrafine particles to Taiwan. In this study, A PCA model was applied to identify the potential source categories, obtained through measuring ambient 10-500 nm particle number concentrations, size distributions and composition data, during an ADS and non-dust periods. The three factors estimated with rotational components during an ADS were vehicular emissions (52%), dust storm (24%), and primarily gasoline vehicles (12%). During non-dust periods, the three factors were vehicular emissions, secondary sulfate and nitrate (40%), combustion processes and traffic-related emissions (29%), and road dust (25%). In addition, vehicular emissions and road dust were the main sources (78%) during particulate matter episodes. The results showed that, along with wind direction and wind speed, PM composition and size distribution can be used to determine the locally dominant source categories, and to identify ADS episodes.

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Characterisation of particle emissions from the driving car fleet and the contribution to ambient and indoor particle concentrations

Cited by 44 publications

References 11 publications

Magnetic susceptibility of dust-loaded leaves as a proxy of traffic-related heavy metal pollution in Kathmandu city, Nepal

Magnetic susceptibility of dust-loaded leaves as a proxy of traffic-related heavy metal pollution in Kathmandu city, Nepal

Personal exposures and indoor, residential outdoor, and urban background levels of fine particle trace elements in the general population

Source Apportionment of PM2.5 Particle Composition and Submicrometer Size Distribution during an Asian Dust Storm and Non-Dust Storm in Taipei

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