Characterisation of eco-friendly processing aids for rubber compound: Part II

Rubber is one of the most versatile materials having myriad of applications-from niche rubber band and eraser to highly engineered spacecraft seal. Of late, the glittering concept of "sustainability" has been able to infiltrate within the domain of elastomer science and technology to a significant extent -in both academia and industry. This fervent context thus necessitates a systematic documentation of brief history, present research scenario and future perspective of sustainable developments in this field. The present review aims to portray a panoramic sketch of various sustainable rubbers and functional rubber additives in this field and intends to provide a direction to their plausible future developments.

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“…Dasgupta et al . reported the detailed characterization methodologies for various eco‐friendly process oils.…”

Section: Sustainable Rubber Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable rubbers and rubber additives

Sarkar

Bhowmick

2017

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The application of vegetable oil in the polymer has been studied. Several vegetable oils which have been observed as rubber compound plasticizers are rubber seed oil, cashew, soybean, mustard, groundnut, neem, dolma, alsi, and castor oil (Dasgupta et al, 2007). Castor oil (CO) is produced from the castor bean (Ricinnus communis L).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blends of nitrile butadiene rubber/poly (vinyl chloride): The use of maleated anhydride castor oil based plasticizer

Dewi¹,

Indrajati²,

Setyorini³

2016

MKKP

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Recently, much attention has been focused on research to replace petroleum-based plasticizers, with biodegradable materials, such as biopolymer which offers competitive mechanical properties. In this study, castor oil was modified with maleic anhydride (MAH) to produce bioplasticizer named maleated anhydride castor oil (MACO), and used in nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)/poly vinyl chloride (PVC) blend. The effect of MACO on its cure characteristics and mechanical properties of NBR/PVC blend has been determined. The reactions were carried out at different castor oil (CO)/xylene ratios, i.e. 1:0 and 1:1 by weight, and fixed CO/MAH ratio, 1:3 by mole. DOP, CO, and MACO were added into each NBR/PVC blend according to the formula. It was found that the viscosity and safe process level of NBR/PVC blend is similar from all plasticizer, however, MACO (1:0) showed the highest cure rate index (CRI). MACO-based plasticizer gave a higher value of the mechanical properties of the NBR/PVC blend as compared to DOP based plasticizer. MACO (1:1) based plasticizer showed a rather significance performance compared to another type of plasticizers both before and after aging. The value of hardness, elongation at break, tensile strength, and tear strength were 96 Shore A, 155.91 %, 19.15 MPa, and 74.47 MPa, respectively. From this result, NBR/PVC blends based on MACO plasticizer can potentially replace the DOP, and therefore, making the rubber blends eco-friendly.

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“…4 The chemical and physical properties of 10 naturally occurring oils (i.e., rubber seed, neem, dolma, soybean, alsi, kurunj, sesamum, mustard, ground nut, and castor oils), and six petroleum-based oils (i.e., aromatic oil, paraffinic oil, naphthenic oil, low polycyclic aromatics (PCA) oil, power oil TDAE-A, and power oil TDAE-B) were investigated in prior work. [8][9][10] It was found that the naturally occurring oils were suitable in rubber compounding with even lower PCA contents than the low PCA oils MES and TDAE. Furthermore, some of the natural oils are among the best alternative processing aids for rubber compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, rubber seed, neem, dolma, and castor oils showed better processing characteristics, polymer-filler interactions, and filler dispersion properties, than the conventional rubber processing oil. [8][9][10] Since most of the vegetable oils contain unsaturated structures, they are expected to affect cross-linking reactions in rubber compounds according to their degree of unsaturation. It was found that soybean, palm, and sunflower oils are better alternative processing aids than petroleum-based aromatic oils.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzyl Esters of Vegetable Oils as Processing Oil in Carbon Black–Filled SBR Compounding: Chemical Modification, Characterization, and Performance

et al. 2015

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Three different types of benzyl ester were synthesized from vegetable oils (i.e., coconut oil, palm oil, and soybean oil). They were then utilized in styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) compound reinforced with carbon black. First, the benzyl esters were investigated by varying the molar ratio of fatty acids in vegetable oil to benzyl alcohol, the catalyst concentration, the reaction time, and the reaction temperature, observing the yield of benzyl ester. Then SBR was compounded with the benzyl esters, observing cure characteristics, mechanical properties, and morphologies of the SBR compounds, with the control compound containing conventional aromatic oil. The highest 96% yield of benzyl ester was obtained with palm oil fatty acid. Furthermore, the benzyl ester oils consumed less energy during processing but gave comparable carbon black dispersion, in comparison with the conventional aromatic oil. C

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Characterisation of eco-friendly processing aids for rubber compound: Part II

Cited by 46 publications

References 7 publications

Sustainable rubbers and rubber additives

Sustainable rubbers and rubber additives

Blends of nitrile butadiene rubber/poly (vinyl chloride): The use of maleated anhydride castor oil based plasticizer

Benzyl Esters of Vegetable Oils as Processing Oil in Carbon Black–Filled SBR Compounding: Chemical Modification, Characterization, and Performance

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