Sustainable rubbers and rubber additives

Sarkar, Palash; Bhowmick, Anil K.

doi:10.1002/app.45701

Cited by 80 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 264 publications

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“…The valorization of renewable resources in the polymer field currently attracts much attention in academia and industry. Taking into account that an important part of elastomer materials is produced from petrochemical sources, it is desirable to explore the use of novel cross‐linked materials of biomass origin, coming from, e.g., vegetable oils . Bio‐resource has been already successfully implemented for elastomers production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross‐Linking of Polyesters Based on Fatty Acids

Dworakowska

Coz

Chollet

et al. 2019

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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This study aims at obtaining cross‐linked polymeric materials of biomass origin. For this purpose, one‐pot polyesterification of methyl ricinoleate and methyl 12‐hydroxystearate using titanium isopropoxide as a catalyst is performed leading to polyesters known as estolides. The obtained estolides are successfully cross‐linked using dicumyl peroxide or a sulfur vulcanization system. The so‐formed bio‐based elastomers appear to exhibit promising properties. The latter are analyzed by mechanical tensile tests and thermal techniques (TGA, DSC, DMA) and show high thermal stability (T5% = 205–318 °C), tailored physico‐mechanical properties (low glass transition temperature in the range from −69 to −54 °C), and good tensile strength (0.11–0.40 MPa). Networks prepared from high molecular weight estolides appear to be promising bio‐based elastomers. Practical Applications: The vegetable oil‐based estolides described in this contribution are new fully bio‐based precursors for further elastomers synthesis. The resulting estolide networks (obtained by peroxide or sulfur cross‐linking) exhibit tailored thermo‐mechanical properties.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross‐Linking of Polyesters Based on Fatty Acids

Dworakowska

Coz

Chollet

et al. 2019

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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“…Compared with emulsion‐polymerized styrene–butadiene rubber (E‐SBR), S‐SBR has several advantages, namely, no gel, lower wear resistance, lower heat generation, and lower rolling resistance. However, almost all of the basic components of this rubber are derived from petrochemicals (mainly fossil fuels) . Over time, the diminution of fossil reserves will not only cause irreversible environmental hazards and waste but also deprive our future generations of resources .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio‐based β‐myrcene‐modified solution‐polymerized styrene–butadiene rubber for improving carbon black dispersion and wet skid resistance

Zhang

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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β-Myrcene, a bio-based monoterpene derived from plants, was introduced to replace butadiene in the solution-polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber by using the conventional anionic copolymerization technique. The anionic copolymerization of β-myrcene was found to be stoichiometric and controllable. A series of solution-polymerized styrene-myrcene-butadiene rubber (S-SMBR) with 100% conversion, high-molecular weight (150 000-200 000 Da), low polydispersity, and uniform compositions was obtained. The glass transition temperature of S-SMBR exhibited imperceptible variation with different myrcene/butadiene ratios. Interestingly, the introduction of such a long nonpolar pendant group containing isopropylidene could greatly improve carbon black dispersibility in the rubber. Furthermore, the wet skid resistance of the rubber could be improved without impairing its low rolling resistance. The tensile strength of S-SMBR was found to be higher than that prepared by radical emulsion copolymerization. The S-SMBR prepared by anionic solution copolymerization is thus a promising material for tires to attain sustainable development. HIGHLIGHTS• A bio-based monomer was successfully introduced to replace diene part in SBR through anionic polymerization.• Carbon black dispersibility in the rubber was greatly improved.• The wet skid resistance of the rubber could be improved without impairing its low rolling resistance.• Robust tensile behaviors were obtained compared with the rubber prepared by radical emulsion polymerization.

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“…[1][2][3][4] Industrial cure recipes typically contain an activator system, accelerator, curing agent, reinforcing fillers, processing aid, retardant, compatibilizer, antidegradant, antioxidant, and rubber. 7 Of particular interest are those biofillers, which serve as multifunctional additives. 6 In an effort to improve the sustainability of cured rubber articles, many fillers of biological origin have been investigated and even incorporated into industrial cure packages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6 In an effort to improve the sustainability of cured rubber articles, many fillers of biological origin have been investigated and even incorporated into industrial cure packages. 7 Of particular interest are those biofillers, which serve as multifunctional additives. For example, Bhattacharyya et al 8 found that microcrystalline cellulose was an effective partial replacement for a silica reinforcing filler and an aromatic oil processing aid in styrene butadiene rubber.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agricultural proteins as multifunctional additives in ZnO‐free synthetic isoprene rubber vulcanizates

DeButts

Chauhan

Barone

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Corn zein and wheat gliadin protein are compounded into synthetic cis-1,4-polyisoprene rubber (IR) and sulfur-cured in a zinc oxide (ZnO)-free system. The curing kinetics and mechanical and morphological properties are compared to a ZnO-activated or carbon black (CB)-reinforced cure system. The proteins provide reversion resistance and reinforcement to IR at filler loadings as low as 1 part per hundred rubber (phr). The zein-IR composites exhibit higher moduli, better filler-matrix adhesion, and less filler agglomeration/migration than gliadin-IR because zein is more chemically compatible with IR. The gliadin-IR composites have a lower percent set and hysteresis, indicating the formation of an elastic restoring gliadin network. Optimal properties are achieved at 2-phr gliadin and 4-phr zein. At gliadin loading >2 phr and zein loading >4 phr, the protein domain size increases and mechanical properties deteriorate. At equal filler loading, property improvements over CB-IR are observed for one or both proteins.

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Sustainable rubbers and rubber additives

Cited by 80 publications

References 264 publications

Cross‐Linking of Polyesters Based on Fatty Acids

Cross‐Linking of Polyesters Based on Fatty Acids

Bio‐based β‐myrcene‐modified solution‐polymerized styrene–butadiene rubber for improving carbon black dispersion and wet skid resistance

Agricultural proteins as multifunctional additives in ZnO‐free synthetic isoprene rubber vulcanizates

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