Characterisation of beeswax in works of art by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry procedures

Bonaduce, Ilaria; Colombini, Maria Perla

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.086

Cited by 116 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Benzene derivatives with the characteristic mass values of m/z 91 and 105 were not found in the pyrolysis results, indicating that there was no boiled tung oil. In addition, a series of long-chain alkene, fatty acids and alcohols with carbon number more than 20 were detected in the retention time of 43-60 min, implying the existence of wax as coating additive in the manufacture of fenjian [22]. The relatively high content of tetracosanoic acid (no.…”

Section: Identification Of Pigments and Organic Binding Mediamentioning

confidence: 95%

Scientific analysis of tie luo, a Qing Dynasty calligraphy artifact in the Palace Museum, Beijing, China

et al. 2018

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Tie luo (affixed hanging) was an expressive form of traditional Chinese calligraphy or paintings, and popular in the imperial palaces for interior decorations in Qing Dynasty (1644-1911 C.E.). A piece of calligraphic tie luo, written by an eminent calligrapher Gu Gao (1763-1832 C.E.), was restored recently in the Palace Museum, Beijing, China. The paper with pigment coating specially made for this calligraphic piece was named as fenjian. This article presented results from materials identification prior to the restoration. Multianalysis with scientific approaches revealed how tie luo was manufactured. It could be concluded that the investigated tie luo used a paper made from bast fibers of mulberry trees. And the decorative ground layer for the piece was also studied, which indicated that a type of organic red pigments were used for the masterpiece. White lead was considered as the main pigment, mixed with a red dye extracted from sappanwood. Meanwhile, animal glue, drying oils and beeswax were confirmed as the organic binding media. In dye analysis, protosappanin B and brazilin as well as brazilein were identified, which implied that sappanwood was used for the organic manufacture of pigments. In addition, both Nowik type A and C were found in the research, which were characteristic of sappanwood for identification.

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Section: Identification Of Pigments and Organic Binding Mediamentioning

confidence: 95%

Scientific analysis of tie luo, a Qing Dynasty calligraphy artifact in the Palace Museum, Beijing, China

et al. 2018

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“…A series of hydrocarbons, predominantly nonacosane and hentriacontane, plus the methyl esters of palmitic, oleic, stearic, tetracosanoic, montanic and melissic acids were also detected in PRM27, signifying a composite substance, and which may indicate a presence of beeswax [22,32]. No beeswax is evident in PRM28.…”

Section: Samples Prm27 and Prm28mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical characterisation of museum-curated ethnographic resins from Australia and New Guinea used as adhesives, medicines and narcotics

Bradshaw

2013

Heritage Science

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Background: Six ethnographic museum resins with documented adhesive, medicinal and narcotic uses have been analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as a step towards understanding the role of specific resins in 20 th century Australia and New Guinea. Curated in the Pitt Rivers Museum for over a hundred years, these specimens are examples of resin used for three different purposes, some accompanied by ethnographic accounts from the collectors themselves. Results: The six ethnographic resins have been chemically characterised and identified to species where possible: an adhesive resin from New South Wales is identified as Xanthorrhoea resinosa Pers.; adhesives from New Guinea are tentatively identified as Canarium luzonicum Miq. and beeswax mixed with Canarium spp.; a narcotic resin from New Guinea is identified as Canarium salomonense B.L.Burtt; and the characterisation of spinifex resin from West Australian 'medicine shells' hypothesised to be Triodia irritans R.Br is presented. Conclusions: This study concludes that molecular differentiation between resins from different species is still possible after a hundred years of aging in a museum environment and demonstrates the potential of resin analysis on such aged museum items. These data alongside re-visited ethnographic accounts can confirm, correct, or provide new information to museum records. Furthermore, they can shed new light on the study of the role of these particular resins and mixtures that were used in Indigenous Sahul and contribute towards a framework of analysis and understanding of archaeological resins from this region.

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“…Although the tetramethylammonium hydroxide thermochemolysis (TMH) method has been extensively applied to the characterization of materials used in the creation and restoration of works of art, the strong alkalinity of TMAH may cause problems in the interpretation of pyrograms. Consequently, other derivatizing agents have been proposed, mainly in the analysis of samples collected from artistic and archaeological objects, including methylating and silylating agents [26][27][28][29][30][31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and identification of urushi using in situ pyrolysis/silylation–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Tamburini

Bonaduce

Colombini

2015

Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis

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a b s t r a c tAnalytical pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry is a very powerful tool to analyze polymers and macromolecules. In this paper this technique was applied to the characterization of the urushi oriental lacquer (qi-lacquer in Chinese) with the aim to set up an alternative analytical method to identify the lacquer.Urushi is mostly rich in alcoholic polar moieties, thus, a derivatization step is required, which is crucial for the detection and MS identification of all the compounds deriving from the thermal degradation. In this work hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) was used for the first time as a derivatizing agent, thus, proving to be a valid alternative to more common methylating agents.Adopting this in situ Py/silylation-GC-MS procedure, we were able to characterize urushi lacquer and identify characteristic pyrolytic profiles of silylated alkylcatechols, silylated alkylphenols, aliphatic hydrocarbons, alkylbenzenes as well as characteristic molecular biomarkers.The method was thus used to analyze six archaeological samples from Sichuan (China) dating back from the 2nd century BC to the 12th century AD, in which the presence of urushi was suspected, and the lacquer was identified in all of them through the identification of all the characteristic pyrolytic profiles and molecular biomarkers.The method set up is also promising to be used for the characterization of the other oriental lacquers, such as laccol and thitsi.

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Characterisation of beeswax in works of art by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry procedures

Cited by 116 publications

References 33 publications

Scientific analysis of tie luo, a Qing Dynasty calligraphy artifact in the Palace Museum, Beijing, China

Scientific analysis of tie luo, a Qing Dynasty calligraphy artifact in the Palace Museum, Beijing, China

Chemical characterisation of museum-curated ethnographic resins from Australia and New Guinea used as adhesives, medicines and narcotics

Characterization and identification of urushi using in situ pyrolysis/silylation–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

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