Chapter 9: Factors Critical to the Design and Execution of Epidemiologic Studies and Description of an Innovative Technology to Follow the Progression From Normal to Cancer Tissue

García‐Closas, Montserrat; Hankinson, Susan E.; Ho, Shuk‐Mei; Malins, Donald C.; Polissar, Nayak L.; Schaefer, Stefan; Su, Yingzhong; Vinson, Mark A.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a024238

Cited by 18 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Structural assignments for spectral differences were based on previous reports (11 -13). The FT-IR statistical models have a high sensitivity for identifying differences between groups of DNA (1,3), as demonstrated by the ability to readily distinguish a 25-base oligonucleotide with a single 8-oxo substituent (6).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A t test was performed at each wavenumber to determine the statistical differences (P values) between DNA groups (1,2,14). Principal components analysis (6,15), which involves Ϸ10 6 correlations between spectral absorbances, integrates different properties of the spectra, such as changes in peak heights and peak locations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Principal components analysis (6,15), which involves Ϸ10 6 correlations between spectral absorbances, integrates different properties of the spectra, such as changes in peak heights and peak locations. This analysis resulted in 10 principal component (PC) scores per sample (1,2,14). A t test established statistical differences between groups for each PC score.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…tical models (1)(2)(3)(4)(5), we have demonstrated previously a cancer DNA phenotype in the limbs of mice 10 weeks after injecting the carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene (4). This phenotype was identified in normal tissues 8 weeks before tumor formation.…”

Section: U Sing Established Fourier Transform-infrared (Ft-ir) Statis-mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A cancer DNA phenotype in healthy prostates, conserved in tumors and adjacent normal cells, implies a relationship to carcinogenesis

Malins

Gilman

Green

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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A cancer DNA phenotype, identical to the DNA structure of tumors, has been identified in the prostate glands of certain healthy men over 55 years of age. We now show that the same DNA signature exists in normal tissues adjacent to tumors. This finding implies that the phenotype is maintained in normal prostate cells from its inception through tumor development. The presence of the phenotype in tumors, adjacent normal cells, and in the normal prostate cells of certain older men suggests that it is a potentially critical factor in tumor development and may serve as an early biomarker for cancer risk assessment. Intervention to inhibit the development of the phenotype in healthy men, or to eliminate it once formed, may suppress or even prevent tumor formation.cancer phenotype ͉ DNA structure ͉ cancer biomarkers ͉ cancer prediction and intervention ͉ Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy U sing established Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) statistical models (1-5), we have demonstrated previously a cancer DNA phenotype in the limbs of mice 10 weeks after injecting the carcinogen 3-methylcholanthrene (4). This phenotype was identified in normal tissues 8 weeks before tumor formation. Strikingly, administration of the prodrug cyclophosphamide every 10 days after 3-methylcholanthrene injection delayed tumor formation by about 30% and almost completely suppressed development of the phenotype, thus suggesting that it may also be inhibited by other intervention strategies with less toxic side effects (4).In a previously reported study (2), a similar cancer DNA phenotype was identified in the prostate glands of certain healthy older men (55-80 years old). Both studies showed differences between the DNA of normal tissues and those tissues with the phenotype characterized by significant alterations in the base and backbone structures. In the prostate, for example, the development of the phenotype appeared to be age-related in that no evidence was found for it in men younger than 36 years of age. A statistical comparison of the FT-IR spectrum of the cancer phenotype with the DNA spectrum of normal prostate tissues of the healthy younger men revealed a broad array of differences in base structures (e.g., N-H and C-O), as well as in vertical base-stacking interactions. Various differences were also found in the phosphodiester-deoxyribose backbone (2). These differences likely arise from constituents in the microenvironment (e.g., reactive oxygen species) capable of inducing conformational changes in the backbone via disruptions in the planar base structure (6).The previous evidence (2) for a cancer DNA phenotype in certain older men suggests that this structure may respond differently in transcription and replication from the DNA of younger men, thus potentially increasing cancer risk. We now report that the cancer DNA phenotype in the prostate glands of older men is indistinguishable from the phenotype found in histologically normal tissues surrounding tumors. This finding implies that the phenotype is structurally stable, ...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: U Sing Established Fourier Transform-infrared (Ft-ir) Statis-mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A cancer DNA phenotype in healthy prostates, conserved in tumors and adjacent normal cells, implies a relationship to carcinogenesis

Malins

Gilman

Green

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Significant spectral (structural) differences identified in the bases and backbones of each of the DNA groups contributed to this discrimination. In this regard, our previous study on breast cancer (15) demonstrated that a multivariate model of FT-IR spectral data was able to discriminate between the DNA of nonmetastasizing and metastasizing invasive ductal carcinomas of the female breast.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancer-related changes in prostate DNA as men age and early identification of metastasis in primary prostate tumors

Malins

Johnson

Barker

et al. 2003

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

113

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Using statistical analyses of Fourier transform-IR spectra, we show that DNA of the histologically normal prostates of men 16 -80 years old undergoes structural changes in the bases and backbone with increasing age. Of the older men (ages 55-80), 42% exhibited a DNA phenotype mimicking that of primary prostate tumors from a comparable age group. This cancer-like phenotype, which was not found in the younger men (ages 16 -36), appears to arise from progressive age-related damage to DNA. The mean concentrations of 8-hydroxypurine lesions (e.g., 8-hydroxyguanine) were substantially higher for the older men than for the younger men. This finding suggests that the hydroxyl radical contributed to the structural changes that characterize the cancer-like phenotype. Strikingly, we were additionally able to discriminate between the DNA of primary prostate tumors and the DNA of primary prostate tumors from which distant metastases had been identified. Moreover, logistic regression analysis was able to predict the probability that a tumor had metastasized with Ϸ90% sensitivity and specificity. Collectively, these findings are particularly promising for identifying men at risk for developing prostate cancer, as well as for the early determination of whether a primary tumor has progressed to the metastatic state. This is highly important because the prognosis of histologically similar prostate carcinomas varies, thus creating a need to predict which cancers are most likely metastatic.I n the United States, prostate cancer is the most prevalent of all cancers and the second-leading cause of cancer mortality in men (1). The incidence rates for this disease rise markedly as a function of increasing age (1-3). Notably, 70% of all newly diagnosed prostate cancers occur in men over age 65 (2). The greatest threat from prostate cancer lies in its potential to metastasize (3). Clinical diagnosis of metastatic prostate cancer presently depends on histological identification of distant metastases. Yet, by the time the tumor has metastasized, the success of intervention is severely limited. Clearly, there is a need to identify early subcellular changes in the prostate, such as in DNA, associated with aging, primary tumor development, and the progression to metastasis.We have reported (4) that the ratio of mutagenic 8-hydroxy to putatively nonmutagenic ring-opened purine lesions in prostate DNA increased Ϸ3-fold in men between the ages of 16 and 83. In addition, a related study (5) showed a substantial accumulation of 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-Gua) in the liver, kidney, and intestine as rats aged. It was later reported (6) that levels of this base lesion increased 186% in the livers of rats between 5 and 30 months. Several factors have been suggested to explain agerelated increases in DNA base lesion concentrations in various tissues, among them reduced enzyme repair (7-10), a slow loss of DNA nuclease activity (5), and an increase in base oxidation (11). These findings focus attention on the importance of age-related free radical damage to...

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Influences on circulating oestrogens in postmenopausal women: Relationship with breast cancer

Kendall

Folkerd

Dowsett

2007

The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

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Chapter 9: Factors Critical to the Design and Execution of Epidemiologic Studies and Description of an Innovative Technology to Follow the Progression From Normal to Cancer Tissue

Cited by 18 publications

References 33 publications

A cancer DNA phenotype in healthy prostates, conserved in tumors and adjacent normal cells, implies a relationship to carcinogenesis

A cancer DNA phenotype in healthy prostates, conserved in tumors and adjacent normal cells, implies a relationship to carcinogenesis

Cancer-related changes in prostate DNA as men age and early identification of metastasis in primary prostate tumors

Influences on circulating oestrogens in postmenopausal women: Relationship with breast cancer

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